Basic Approaches And Contemporary Issues In Leadership Management Essay

Basic Approaches And Contemporary Issues In Leadership Management Essay The first complete contingency model for leadership was presented in 1967 by Fred Fiedler’s. His contingency hypothesis was the first to identify how situational factors interrelate with the traits and behaviors of leaders to have an impact on the effectiveness of leadership. The theory proposed that the â€Å"favorability† of the circumstances is what decides how effective the task and the behavior of the person-oriented leader will be. Favorability is established by (1) the amount of trust and respect that devotees or rather followers have for their leaders; (2) the degree to which the responsibilities of individuals who are second to the leader can be organized and the performance measured; and (3) the power that the leader has over the rewards of followers. The circumstances is most encouraging when subordinates have trust and respect for their leaders, respect and trust the leader, the job is greatly structured, and the control over rewards and punishment is held by the leader (Barnett, 2010). The research done by Fiedler showed that leaders who were task-oriented were more valuable and effective when there was either an extremely â€Å"favorable† or extremely â€Å"unfavorable† circumstance, however, leaders who were person-oriented were more valuable if the circumstances were either â€Å"moderately favorable,† or unfavorable.† This hypothesis did not really suggest that in various situations, the leader could become accustomed to their leadership styles, but rather that leaders who had various styles would be more valuable when they are put in situations that go with the leadership style that they prefer (Barnett, 2010). Fiedler is of the assumption that the leadership style of an individual is â€Å"fixed† because if the circumstance has a need for someone who is task-oriented but the person who is in that leadership position is relationship-oriented, then either the leader has to be changed or the situa tion needs to be altered (Robbins, and Position power: The leaders power by virtue of the position in the organization and the extent to which, as the leader, he or she can implement power on followers so that they obey and receive the leaders’ guidance and leadership (â€Å"Feidler’s contingency model,† 2009). Feidler’s position is that leader-member relations are either good or poor, task structure is either high or low and position power is either strong or week. The healthier the relationship between the leader and followers the more organized the job will be and the more resilient the position of power the more command the leader will have (Robbins, so the whether the intellect and know how of an individual has any bearing on the performance of leadership is determined by the level of stress. Other studies corroborated the fact that when the level of stress is low and the leader instructed followers on what he needed done, intellect was key to the effectiveness of the leader, but if the circumstance was a high stress one then intellect did not help as much because the leaders’ thought process was strained. In the same manner, if the leader does not tell his followers what he wants done then intellect do not help because of his reluctance (Robbins, & Judge, 2009). The recommendation of Feidler is that organizations employ and choose persons with the essential intellect, know how, and understanding, and then allow those individuals to work under those situations that let them use the resources that they have cognitively. Additionally, the feeling that the leader has of being in control of the circumstance and the level of stress that he is experiencing is essential (Carter, III, 2006).

Case Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Brief - Essay Example The franchise agreement consisted of a printed form prepared by respondent, and, with a specific exception for income from property management services, provided in pertinent part as follows: â€Å"Franchise {appellant} agrees to pay†¦ a ‘service fee’ equal to 6 percent of Franchisee’s gross income derived from all transactions for which a real estate license or securities license is required. At the franchise location covered by the agreement, in addition to negotiating real estate sales and purchases for clients, appellant also maintained an escrow department which represented to the public at large that it was operating under a Century 22 franchise. Appellant charged its sellers and buyer separate and distinct fees for escrow services from fees collected on sales commissions. Appellant was not licensed to act as an escrow agent under the general provisions of financial Code section 17000 et seq. (the Escrow Law). However, appellant did act as an escrow agent under an exception to the Escrow Law-- Financial Code section 17006, subdivision (d). The terms of the franchise agreement provided that appellant corporation was to maintain certain prescribed records and reports to respondent those transactions for which a service fee was payable. During the time of the agreement, appellant failed to report any transactions or income received from the operation of its ‘escrow† business. Upon the termination of the franchise agreement, respondent conducted an audit of the books and records of appellant’s franchise. The audit was authorized by the franchise agreement. During the audit, respondent discovered that appellant had not paid a service fee for the income derived from escrow services. Respondent demanded payment from appellant, and from defendant, Nick Rockton. Appellant and defendant Nick Rockton refused to pay since they did not think that the agreement covered income derived from escrow services. This

Ethical case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ethical case - Essay Example This paper thus discusses the issues facing Lisa when challenging current policies and procedures of the acquired company from both ethical and professional perspectives. One ethical issue Lisa applied was ensuring that the corporate assets were secure. In her one year in charge as the financial manager, she faced a significant acquisition with a total cost of $10 billion. Her company acquired a prestige fragrance company. Lisa’s challenge in this case was to ensure that the acquired company came together with the parent organization in an ethical, appropriate manner. She also had to ensure that there were no unethical practices on the part of the project. Also, the management team responsible for the acquisition and integration of the company. Additionally, she had to ensure that the acquired companies were not practicing inappropriate accounting practices in order to inflate their sales or earnings. One of the stakeholders involved in ethical issue is Lisa, but he faced opposition from the controller Mr. Anderson. Lisa prepared a meeting with the parent company with a focus on accounting manual and a plan for valuation of the company’s assets. It was apparent that these documents were of little interest to Mr. Anderson. He was polite and professional, but his management style was clearly dictatorial. Anderson had worked for twelve years in the Prestige Fragrance Company and attained some several promotions. He was a CPA, who had a background in major accounting firm and had contributed a lot in the growth of the company. All this earned him respect from the Board of Directors, but it was evident that he was not happy to be in part of a smaller division in a much larger company. Lisa was very concerned about the acquired assets and the unusually high proportion of â€Å"other assets† on the balance sheet. This made her to review her preliminary observation with Anderson. She was of the view that often items in this category

Take Home Exam for Com 100 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Take Home Exam for Com 100 - Essay Example Appiah emphasizes that â€Å"American social distinctions cannot be understood in terms of the concept of race† (Appiah 102). America is a diverse nation; it is composed of different races, and no race should be superior over the other. America is known for its cultural multiplicity. That’s what describes it as a nation. Furthermore, Appiah believes that â€Å"the only human race in the United States, I shall argue, is the human race† (54).He believes that social divisions are merely beliefs that have been drawn from natural historical notion or causal theory. This peculiarity requires a need for change and neutralization. Hence, the central point of this discussion shall focus on how Appiah’s claim on the existence of race would affect the way people think, act, speak and write by understanding the key points specified in Appiah’s article. Appiah claims that â€Å"what we learn when we learn a word like â€Å"race† is a set of rules for app lying the term† (57). ... Appiah argues that race cannot be identified by simply looking at the colour of the skin. The identification of race based on colour is a flawed belief in that even variations in colour are collectively joined together in some applications. For instance, the United States Census Bureau does not classify â€Å"Latino† as a single race but, regardless of the range of colours they find themselves of having, the US Census Bureau classifies them as Hispanic; you do not find a racial classification that says â€Å"Strong Brown Hispanic† or â€Å"Light Brown Hispanic†, in other words, even colour is not recognized as indicative of race; also, if race is only based on the colour of the skin, it is quite obvious that black shades are not only endowed to African-Americans or Blacks. Think about Ghanaians, Indians, or Tanzanians, they have skin colours that are relatively similar to Black Americans but much difference is being to them. Seen this way, there is a much telling reason that hides behind skin colour, which could either be a social or a cultural phenomenon because if all Blacks are regarded uniformly such that Indians are also considered as the same race with Black Americans based on their colour, Indians should have likewise experienced the stern upshots of social distinctions that are prevalent in the United States up until today. So, granting that Appiah is indeed right that there is no human race by arguing that race cannot be indentified by colour, the consequences would be immense: first, it would result into a borderless world in which people could freely intermingle and interrelate with other people without a strong regard of their physical appearance and their cognitive abilities. Second, the manner in which we speak, think, and act

Qualitative desertion review and analysis about the impact of music Essay

Qualitative desertion review and analysis about the impact of music videos on girls - Essay Example The researcher presents questions based on the literature review. This means that a more inductive approach rather than a deductive approach was taken towards the study. What this means is that in terms of the research questions, the researcher did not create or develop a hypothesis out of which a theory was generated through literature review. Rather, the researcher took a theory through literature review and critically synthesized it to develop a hypothesis based on the research questions (Alvesson, 2002). In effect, the questions were presented in a way that way used provide the researcher the opportunity of modifying existing theory in literature. A major advantage with the methods of the study was that the researcher made use of a snowball sampling method, which generally permitted that a group of available respondents be critically scrutinized for their appropriateness in providing the researcher with the nature of variables that were needed to be tested in the study. This is b ecause the researcher was particularly focusing on at-risk girls and so did not have to use a sampling technique that would bring in respondents who fell outside this domain. What is more, a triangular data collection approach was devised by the researcher in ensuring that data collection was approached from as many preambles as possible so that the testing of results could be internally valid. A research protocol was presented to give the reader an idea of how the researcher’s process was carried out. Through the research protocol, it was established that a triangulation method of data-gathering was devised to make the researcher look into variables such as the cultural... The researcher rightly identified that dealing with at-risk adolescent girls was a difficult situation and thus the need to observe maximum ethical adherence (McIntosh, 2003). This is because the as the researcher notes, â€Å"at-risk population are heavily protected by state and national privacy laws, organizational bylaws, and staff concerns about exposing these children to additional harm† (p. 108). In line with this, all necessary ethical processes were followed such as the use of several months in seeking official permission from the appropriate quarters for the study. In some cases, permission was not granted and in such instance the researcher did not force her way out with collecting data from such organizations. The researcher rightly admitted that collecting qualitative data of this nature could be extremely challenging on the validity of the study because they did not make use of empirical and statistical approaches which are objective and easily interpreted univers ally. To this end, a series of actions were taken to ensure the validity and reliability of the study. For instance a pilot study was conducted to test how best the data collection approach aided in collecting the identified data in the research problem (Dunning, 2004). Again, there was the evaluation of multiple forms of evidence in the data collection approach, making it possible for the efficacy of the various data collection tools to be tested.

Retail Analyst Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Retail Analyst - Essay Example e use of spreadsheet program, Microsoft excel, statistical software and similar programs that will help him have a big picture of how the business is going. Obviously, the retail analyst also should have strong mathematical and analytical skills because it is his duty to figure out the meanings of charts and numbers and how that information affects the success of the business. Communication skill is also essential so he can be able to make lay people understand the concepts analyzed from the data. A certification may suffice for employment but some might require a license. The job is quite enormous but to one who is inclined to the task, it is quite simple and might even be fulfilling especially that a retail analyst can be compensated from $30,000-70,000 per year. With the descriptions mentioned above, retail analysis can be said to fall under applied science, specifically in applied mathematics. Science is applied in the job by observing how a business flows especially when it comes to what sells fastest and what is stocked for a long time. Once the best-sellers or the problems are identified, solutions should be strategically planned and analyzed. Retail analyst seems to be a job that might interest me because I believe I have the mathematical and analytical skills so I just might consider pursuing such a

Past Terrorist Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction Research Paper

Past Terrorist Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction - Research Paper Example Terrorism is a multi-causal phenomenon (Sommer, 2010) and involves a combination of varied factors including psychological, social, cultural, political, economic, as well as religious. Hence explaining the action in a concise and restricted definition would be highly erroneous and disillusioning. For the purpose of this study the term WMD would be defined to include any act of terrorism by an individual or an organization carried out on a large scale using chemical, biological or other weapons intended to cause irreparable damage to the property and lives of human beings; and disrupt the economic and social structure of the targeted region. Researchers have suggested various factors as key causes behind such acts of aggression, in a bid to understand the psyche of the terrorists. These factors range from local ethnic clashes to public outrage and dissent against international forces mainly arising due to differences in religious and cultural ideologies (Cordesman, 1989; DiGiovanni, 1999). Most of the researchers are of the opinion that most of such acts are carried out by individuals or groups belonging to terrorist organizations with a view to achieving their organizational missions (Gambetta, 2006). The use of WMD by terrorists has been in existence for several decades now and continues to remain as a potential threat to the United States as well as rest of the world. This paper aims to assess and analyze the use of weapons of mass destruction by terrorists by way of various case studies.