Look both ways

Watt illustrates the internal emotions that the characters have, such as anxiety, suspicion and despair. These recurring, mental Images cause both Merely and Nick, to live life In fear of death. When Nick was diagnosed with cancer, he immediately saw his life flashing past him in the form of a photometer. Watt uses these montages to describe Nick's fear of death and that though he may seem in control on the outside, he is actually feels alone, confused and anxious that his life will end the same way his father's did.His fear of cancer and his assumption that he won't survive his battle with cancer causes him to give up and therefore not live life, since he would die soon anyway. He therefore does not participate In his regular activities such as work and cricket with enthusiasm, and is unable to be happy and live life fully. Merely also struggles with her visions of potential threats everywhere she goes. The vivid images of knife attacks and robbers shooting her cause her to feel ner vous and to live in suspicion of everyone around her.This is evident when Merely becomes anxious when Nick asks her for her phone number, even though they were Intimate the night before. This shows that due to her fear of the worst-case scenario occurring, she struggles to embrace life, take risks and form relationships, which are essential in life. Watt also demonstrates how past experiences of death can have an impact on the individual's perspective of their own life and death. Nick reflects on his father's battle with cancer in fear that he too will suffer and not survive.His memories of his father struggling to complete dally activities such as going to the toilet cause Nick to become even more worried, since he is so sure that because his father didn't survive. He wouldn't either. He also doesn't willingly involve himself with Merely in fear that she too will suffer as much as his mum did, when his father was ill. Due to his fear of suffering, Nick gives up and develops negativ e thoughts and feelings towards others and his life.On the contrary, his mother Joan had a positive view and explained that it doesn't matter how life ends, It's how it was. ‘ His mother chose to remember the happy moments In her husband's life and know that though her husband did suffer tremendously, he did enjoy his life and live It fully. These two characters developed opposite attitudes towards the death of their loved one. Watt shows that this is turn affected how they viewed their future. Like Nick, Merely also looks towards the negative side of life.Her tendency to see danger and death wherever she goes is the cause of her negative emotions towards fife and fear of death. She therefore Is unable to take risks, In the fear that the worst- case scenario will occur. This is the reason why she is awkward around Nick. Even though she likes him, she is still fearful that she could get hurt as the result of the relationship. When she explains to Nick that her father's death wa s ‘the natural order of things,' and ‘that it was meant to be,' Watt demonstrates that Merely does not take control of her own life.This Is why Merely Just accepts her fear of death and taking attitude, Merely is unable to live a relaxed life; she is constantly â€Å"looking both ways†. Although the film centers on death, Watt's film is a positive affirmation about life. She maintains a clear message that despite all the negativity in the world, we need to reunite with our loved ones so that we can pursue our fears with renewed hope and optimism. Merely and Nicks connection and strong bond is a clear example of the need for connection and warmth as a result of experiencing similar tragedy and despair.

The Uses And Gratification Theory Education Essay

In the past, people around the universe used a assortment of different ways to pass on and maintain in touch with each other. However, the turning of cyberspace engineering has redefined the ways of human communicating and interaction. Modern communicating engineerings such as nomadic phone, instant messaging, electronic mail, societal web established the communicating web around the universe. Social Networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and Blogspot has been the subject of treatment among the society ( Pasek, 2009 ) . In this context, Facebook can be briefly defined as a societal networking site that provide the users an on-line platform to make profiles, generate and portion information and content, and holding interaction with other contacts ( Boyd and Ellison, 2007 ) . Since the establishing of Facebook on 2004, it has attracted 1000000s of users and many of whom have integrated it into their day-to-day patterns ( Kazeniac, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Facebook Statistics ( 2012 ) , there are over 955 million active users on Facebook that spend an norm more than 6 hours on the site comparison as there are merely 300 million active users in 2009. The rapid alteration of the Facebook has shown the increasing in development and popularity in the past few old ages. For case, Facebook has become a new phenomenon and tendency that taking extensively popularity from all coevalss of people ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Rouis ( 2012 ) , the societal site like Facebook has become an dependence for many and it has brought important impact to their relationships, occupations, and normal day-to-day life. It allows the users to continuously maintain in touch with their household and friends with no geographically constrained every bit long as there is internet handiness. Facebook has finally brought greater societal integrating among people from assorted civilizations and backgrounds. Users can update and uninterrupted exchange the information as they interact with people from all over the universe. As ab initio, Facebook is created by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004 for Havard ‘s college pupils to pass on, portion instruction information and socialisation within the university ( Calvi, 2010 ) . The popularity of Facebook is turning quickly in this recent twelvemonth specific in the younger coevals. Finally, Facebook itself has experienced huge enlargement among college young person pupils, with 95 % of 18 and 19 old ages old have Facebook profiles ( Smith & A ; Caruso, 2010 ) .1.2 Research ProblemToday, Facebook has received overwhelmed figure from all ages of people that participate in this societal platform. Student ‘s presence on Facebook has become a societal argument in the society ( Ellision et al. , 2007 ) . As a consequence in today, college pupils have been rated as the most active users in Facebook. The two most common treatment of Facebook uses among college pupils are socialisation and instruction intents. First, Facebook is able to offer a platform for college pupils ‘ to socialising, communicate and keep relationships with friends ( Science Daily, 2011 ) . In another facet, Facebook has been described as effectual tools when came to academic treatment. College pupils frequently used Facebook to discourse their assignments or prep. It involves sharing of their thoughts among the group treatment. Harmonizing to Ophus and Abbitt ( 2009 ) discuss that Facebook was most often used by the pupil when comes to communicating with friends. Therefore, Facebook can see as an effectual academic acquisition tools if they utilize the use of Facebook between socialising and academic intent. However, other exploratory surveies have shown that the presence of Facebook has brings impact on an single public presentations and productiveness on undertaking ( Karpsinki and Duberstein, 2009 ) . It is believes that long hours spent on Facebook is able to harmful to pupils ‘ academic public presentations. Harmonizing to Schulten ( 2009 ) , pupils exhausted norm of 30-40 proceedingss per twenty-four hours in surfing Facebook and do several update and visits a twenty-four hours. Some of the survey besides found out that pupils spend up 8 hours per twenty-four hours on Facebook which affected their proper day-to-day modus operandi ( Rouis, 2012 ) . In peculiar, a reappraisal shows that college pupils are the chief Facebook users who spend long hours which has caused their parents and instruction establishments worried on their academic public presentations ( Rouis, 2012 ) . However, on the pupils perspective themselves argue that Facebook as a leisure activity will non impact on their academic attempt ( Rouis, 2012 ) . In order to understand the impact of Facebook use towards the pupil ‘s academic public presentations, this survey aims to analyze on the position of the beginning itself which are pupils. Different people may hold different perceptual experiences on the Facebook use and their result. The general feeling asserts that Facebook use is able conveying negative impact on pupils peculiar in their academic public presentations. Therefore, by carry oning the survey on the perceptual experience of pupils are able to find the relationship between Facebook use and academic public presentation.AimsThe chief aim of this survey is purposes to look into the perceptual experience of Malayan College Students towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation. In add-on, 3 sub-objectives have constructed in order to accomplish the chief aims for this survey. First is to analyze the consciousness of Malayan college pupils on their Facebook use. Second is to analyze whether Malayan college pupils perceived Facebook use will impact their scrutiny consequences. Last is to analyze what are the sensed effects of Facebook use towards their overall academic public presentations.1.4 Research QuestionsThe aims of the survey are aims to reply the undermentioned inquiry: What is the perceptual experience of Malayan College pupil towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation?1.5 Significance of surveyThis survey attempts to look into the perceptual experience of Malayan college pupils towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation. Although many surveies have been done by the old bookmans and research workers, cultural features are changing across the states. Malaysia is a multicultural and racial state which the result might different comparison to the other cultural context. Social Networking sites are considered as a multiple dimensions that can be studied through assorted positions. However, there has finally merely small research has been done sing perceptual experience of Facebook use in Malayan college pupils. Therefore, this research survey is purposes to research the perceptual experience of these pupils are the get downing point on bring outing the relationship between Facebook use and academic public presentation specific in Malaysia context. It besides allows the future treatment on possible causes and effects of the academic public presentations particular related to the societal networking. The survey is able to supply the part and mentions for geographic expedition and in-depth surveies in the hereafter when it comes to Facebook use in academic public presentations.1.6 DefinitionsIn the undermentioned subdivision, definition of particular term has been developed in this survey. It was noted that the survey chiefly focused on the pupils on the college degree. Therefore in this survey, the Malayan College Student has been the defined as the pupils soon enrolled in any in any public or private college establishments in Malaysia. For the intents of this survey, Facebook use has been defined as to what extent of the engagement clip and attempt pupils invest in the Facebook. Thus, the thought covered includes the consciousness of the college pupils on the day-to-day clip spent, channel or medium, locales and intents in utilizing Facebook. Percept in here refers as the position and the sentiment of the respondents on the issues. The position can be based on positive, negative or impersonal result. The measuring for the perceptual experience will be based on 5 Likert Scale evaluation system. Since one of the aims of this survey is to analyze the perceptual experience of the college pupils towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation, the academic public presentation is measured by the scrutinies or any appraisal from the college. The measuring will be based on the non merely the GPA but besides the college assignment, engagement and the attending of the pupils in category. However, the perceptual experience towards impact of Facebook use may mention to the possible result that can be either positive or negative ( Ahmed & A ; Qazi, 2011 ) .1.7 DrumheadThis chapter outlined the background of the survey country, research job, nonsubjective, significance survey and operational definition as an introductory chapter to this survey. Traveling on to following chapter Literature reappraisal will get down by presenting the general position of societal networking sites and Facebook to supply a theoretical foundation to the undermentioned treatment. In add-on in the ch apter, uses and satisfactions theory has been discussed in order to supply the apprehension on the chief aims in this survey.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewChapter 2 Literature ReviewSocial Networking SitesSocial networking site ( SNS ) is a type of web based applications that provide users to build a profile for single or public utilizations and to make a web that portion connexion with other users. In other words, it is a platform that allows the user to hold personal interaction and set up interconnectedness with other users. The user is able to add the other contacts and position other user ‘s contacts and information in return ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008, p. 211 ) . In fact, societal networking sites began in 1997 along with the launching of Sixdegrees.com. The intent is to let the users to make profiles and connect with each other through the Friends list ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008, p. 214 ) . Social Networking sites have under rapid growing in the past few old ages ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008 ) . Social networking sites has became a phenomenon as it has attracted 1000000s user in recent old ages ( Rouis, 2012 ) . Therefore, Karspinski & A ; Dubeistin ( 2007 ) found that the figure type of societal networking sites are increasing such as electronic mail, web logs, societal media like Youtube and Flickr and besides video conferencing like Skype. These tools have become the platform for societal interaction where people can portion and state narratives or information and interact among each other ( Eyrich, 2008 ) . Social networking sites allows the user discuss any subject of issues at any point of clip and location. Basically, the users are free to print show their sentiment without any limitations. The information that has been published will be spread around the universe in a affair of proceedingss. More and more people have chosen to socialise in the online societal web comparison to the others societal activities ( Pasek, 2009 ) . Therefore, societal web as other signifier of mass media has finally redefined overall human communications procedure. It has changes the functions one manner communications traditional media such as telecasting, wireless and films ( Urista & A ; Dong, 2008 ) . Users are able to expose to these media as it has been provided as portion of societal networking sites services. Therefore, societal networking sites are so accessible and effectual which many immature people today use this platform to pass on and show themselves. Therefore, the figure of users have significantly increase specific in the younger coevalss.FacebookSocial networking has finally become a new phenomenon in this modern society. This survey focuses merely one particular of societal networking site that is Facebook. In fact, Facebook by far is one of the web site that contributed SNSs into the new phenomenon in the society ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008 ) . Facebook as one of the most popular SNS, grow three times more on the twelvemonth 2008 comparison to the past three old ages which from 90 to 120 million users. Facebook is besides among the most popular societal networking sites due to its alone characteristics that allow the users to custom-make their interface profile and content. It provides the broad diverseness of tools for the users to pass on among each others. The users able to interact and interchange content, illustration they portion picture and image, discuss topics, chat, publish advertizement for group events, or play available applications ( Safko & A ; Brake, 2009 ; Westlake, 2008 ) . Finally, the popularity of the Facebook has developed its really ain subculture ( Westlake, 2008 ) . Facebook has gain popularity among the coevals Y which are the people born after 1980 ( Rois, 2012 ) . These coevalss grew up in the modern engineering universe and normally trust it to execute their undertaking. In fact, most of this coevals possessed their ain Facebook history comparison to the other coevals ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008 ) . This coevals prefer on to pass on through online based engineering like Facebook instead through face to confront communicating. In fact, the impact of Facebook has non merely changed the manner the users interact with each other but besides the besides the overall media ingestion behavior ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008 ) . Haythronwaite ( 2005 ) explains that the Facebook non merely able allow person to makes new friend but besides to enable the users to determine and develop their ain individuality. To summarize, Facebook is a taking societal networking sites that provides a broad diverseness of characteristics for to users and make their ain content and communicate to their friends. Facebook is hence seen as a new phenomenon in the society. The treatment of Facebook will lend to the undermentioned literature reappraisal.The Uses and Gratification TheorySheldon ( 2007 ) defined this theory as different people use the media for different intents. It is normally affected by single ends, demand and desire. In other word, the people used media for their ain benefits. This theory provides us an implicit in psychological communicating position on how the persons use mass media to carry through their demands and desire. Katz et Al. ( 1974 ) explained that five premises of the utilizations and satisfactions theory. In fact, under the first premise of this theory describes that media users are active and end oriented. The intent of utilizing media is to carry through their demand ( E. Rossi, 2002 ) . In the context, Facebook is discussed as the persons ‘ motivations to socialise with others. Facebook is able to fulfill the persons ‘ interpersonal communicating through the characteristics available in the platforms ( Sheldon, 2008 ) . It was besides noted that Facebook is able to associate the users to those who portion the same involvements with them and therefore to further relationship with others ( Ellison, 2007 ) . In the past, people have used a face to confront communicating and besides one manner communicating mass media such as telecasting, wireless and films to carry through their different type of demands and desires. Sheldon ( 2008 ) explained the societal networking sites such as Facebook, Myspace and Blogger are used at the same time by the persons to carry through their societal demands on amusement, information and recreation. Social networking sites are able to unite assortment of these demands in on cardinal location. The developments of societal networking sites have provided the persons to fulfill their cognitive and affectional demands. Therefore, societal networking sites have became a popular ways to convey satisfaction in term of demands and desires for an person.Facebook use on college pupilThe old subdivision fundamentally described the functions and maps of societal networking sites and Facebook. Then, the farther treatment has been included to understand the utilizations of satisfaction in these new phenomenons. This subdivision will supply penetration of the Facebook use on the college pupils. Modern engineering communicating has bought the societal web such as Facebook to go one of the most of import tools to link and portion information to friends. Approximately 50 % the users in Facebook are fundamentally the population from the coevals Y which the ages range between 18 and 34 old ages ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008 ) . Hepburn ( 2011 ) found that 48 % of people age ranges between 18 to 34 look into their Facebook right after the aftermath up in the forenoon while 28 % cheque in earlier go to bed. The figure of users in Facebook have been increasing really rapidly peculiar among the undergraduate pupils age scope between 18 -24, which are higher than any other age group ( Eldon, 2011 ) . These populations tend to pass a batch of clip in the societal media and log on to the site every twenty-four hours amounted to about double than any other type of media. In fact, the development of this 24/7 accessible engineerings allow the pupils to hang around in Facebook ( Fodeman and Monroe, 2009 ) . Therefore, the excessive of Facebook use has become a wont for the pupils that able to convey impact peculiarly on their academic public presentation every bit good as their quality of life. College pupils have finally going the largest user base in Facebook ( Boyd & A ; Ellison, 2008, p. 214 ) . The old point has been supported by Smith & A ; Caruson ( 2010 ) who study found that 95 % of 18 and 19 old ages old college pupils have their ain Facebook profiles. Therefore, the two chief Facebook uses are hedonistic use which able to ensue useful motivations and the 2nd simply for leisure intents ( Rouis, 2012 ) . The Facebook use normally involved people from different ages interact and communicate. They use Facebook to portion picture, image, treatment and chew the fating with each others. The younger coevals peculiar pupils have spent up more than 8 hours per twenty-four hours on Facebook. These yearss, pupils spend their clip more on online socialising web like Facebook compare to other socialising activities. Kutjath ( 2011 ) explains that college pupils tend express themselves in Facebook by deriving greater integrating with their friend, entree to new friends and involves in interchanging of information and cognition. However, Rouis ( 2012 ) found that pupils are good concerns about the impact of Facebook to their life. They consider their clip pass on Facebook is of import because it enable them to supply them amusement and socializes with each others. Facebook have besides become a platform for them to rest so that they can execute better on the other of import undertaking. This literature sought to understand the battle and the intents of college pupils in Facebook use. Therefore, the following subdivision will analyze on the relationship of Facebook use on the academic positions.Facebook use in academic public presentationAcademic public presentations provides as a mean to measure the impact of societal and external properties or environment that related to pupil ‘s academic undertaking and accomplishment. There are a batch of properties that contributes to the academic public presentations of the pupils, and one of the illustrations is the Facebook use ( Rois, 2012 ) . In contrast, Facebook as portion of the pupil ‘s leisure activity is able to better their societal life. However, it has besides been known as a menace on pupil ‘s academic classs. It is predicted that heavy use on Facebook able to caused pupils to less apportion their clip on prep readying ( Hofer, 2007 ) . In add-on, nomadic devices such as smartphones, tablets or laptops are used to surf on Facebook during schoolroom session that able indirectly distract their attending to the talk. Individual use on the societal networking sites like Facebook hold the same similarity to other sort of computing machine based web. Harmonizing to Kalpidou, Costin & A ; Morris ( 2007 ) , SNSs like Facebook and Myspace has been diffused to teenager ‘s life and play a major function on their academic public presentations. As we indicated in the old treatment, the two chief attacks of Facebook use are fundamentally useful motivations and leisure intents. If the Facebook use is merely pure useful motivations, it can convey impact positive to the single academic public presentations ( Burton & A ; Straub, 2006 ) . On the other side, leisure intents on Facebook will do the pupils to entree to this web from different channels and devices along the twenty-four hours. Therefore, the pupil ‘s day-to-day modus operandi will appears conflict between their survey motivations which their cognitive burden has been submerged and could non concentrate on their academic undertaking. By sing Facebook use as a leisure purposes that will impact pupils ‘ academic public presentation, Madge ( 2009 ) found that Facebook is used chiefly for societal grounds and academic-related intents. Pempek et Al. ( 2009 ) argued that the intent of Facebook use among college pupils is to pass oning with friends while treatment for assignment or prep was the least. Younger coevals particularly pupils spent up to 8 hours per twenty-four hours surfing on Facebook daily. Therefore, it increased the degree of information flow direction in pupil battle more than in their prep ( Rouis, 2012 ) . In other word, Facebook had caused pupil engage in changeless interactions and socialisation in the platform while debaring their attending from their academic work which prohibit them from concentrating on their academic undertaking. On the other side, 70 % of the college pupils perceived that Facebook would non impact their classs except for heavy use users ( Kaspernski and Duberstein, 2009 ) . Heavy use may impact on their day-to-day modus operandi and caused Facebook dependence. Therefore, Facebook use in academic has been discussed in this subdivision. The following subdivision will reason the statement and position by old survey of Facebook use on positive and negative result of Facebook use in academic public presentations. One of the most common techniques of mensurating the academic public presentations is analyse the pupil ‘s ends ( Valle et al. , 2009 ) . Premises have been made that Facebook use as a leisure activity to the pupils will impact their overall academic consequences. In this context, the chief attacks of analysing the academic public presentations is by the meant of focused on the scrutiny and assignment classs of the pupils.Positive impact of Facebook use on academic public presentat ionsThe impact normally depends on the different utilizations and satisfaction on Facebook among the college pupils. Social networking sites like Facebook are extremely based on the single utilizations and it has the possible to increase the pupil effectivity in academic ( Brady & A ; Smith, 2010 ) . Pasek ( 2009 ) argued that there is no cogent evidence that Facebook use is impacting the academic public presentations of the third instruction pupils. Hoffman ( 2009 ) explains that the positive properties of Facebook are able to heighten the acquisition environment of the pupils, every bit good as conveying motive to persons. Junco ( 2011 ) identified the same statement that Facebook contribute to the positive impact of academic public presentation. Facebook served as a platform or forum for the college pupils to portion, discuss, and update information that is related to their academic undertaking. Brady ( 2010 ) explains that interchanging information through Facebook is extremely effectual comparison to face-face communicating. The societal networking site like Facebook, Youtube and Twitter are able to convey positive consequence on cognitive and societal accomplishments. Mahadi & A ; Ubadidulla ( 2012 ) found that it can heighten the linguistic communication of the pupils in the procedure of societal interaction and feedback.Negative impact of Facebook use on academic public presentationsHowever, several surveies have found a negative relationship between Facebook use and pupil ‘s academic public presentations. Exposure to Facebook hold the inclination to convey overall negative consequence on p upils ‘ academic public presentations ( Park et al. , 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Boogart ( 2004 ) and Kirschner & A ; Duberstein ( 2009 ) highlight that Facebook is able to convey negative deductions such as lowered GPAs when it comes to heavy use. Facebook is able to do distraction consequence to an person. It is able to deflect the pupils to see Facebook profiles when they are making their work. In fact, pupils might travel on-line to look for assignment information and stop up interacting on Facebook ( Rouis, 2012 ) . As a consequence, pupils appear to see degraded on their academic public presentations. As effects, Facebook use may endanger the pupils ‘ academic public presentation. Harmonizing to Ohio State University ( 2009 ) argued that there is a relationship exists between Facebook use and academic public presentation. The survey shows that those pupils that used Facebook often tend to hold the lower Grade Point Average ( GPA ) than those who seldom use Facebook. It is because most of the heavy Facebook user frequently holding job on the clip direction on their survey comparison with the light Facebook user. Madge et Al. ( 2009 ) came to the decision Facebook for societal intents are able to blow the clip to academic survey by sing as possible negative consequence to the pupils. In fact, Roblyer et Al. ( 2010 ) challenges Facebook function as an educational tool which the survey found out that Facebook usage among module and pupils for instructional intents is limited and that popular in academic universe. Furthermore, Hargittai ( 2010 ) has done the survey on negative impact of Facebook use toward pupils ‘ academic public presentation. Research shows Facebook will do pupils to lost their involvement and concentration on their prep or assignment. As a effect, its end up with undone or low quality of work. In add-on, Jackson ( 2008 ) explains that negative impact on academic public presentation besides affect by intervention by Facebook utilizations like multitasking. Students are unable to execute expeditiously on multitasking even non count how good they are. The survey besides shows that important consequences which pupils like to utilize Facebook for chew the fating and bet oning the same clip when making assignments. Jacobsen and Forste ( 2011 ) de scribed that Facebook as portion of electronic media is negatively associated with academic classs. The Facebook is able distract pupils on utilizing handphone, laptop in category or while making academic undertaking.Percept of pupils towards Facebook useIn the old surveies, there major two types of consequences shows on college pupil ‘s position toward Facebook use on academic public presentation. Students perceived self ordinance and clip direction accomplishments are of import facets to protect them from Facebook dependence ( Rouis, 2012 ) . Helou & A ; Rahim ( 2011 ) found that bulk of the pupils ‘ position that Facebook have positive impact on their academic public presentations even they are reported that the intents of engaged in Facebook are socialisation instead than academic intents. Harmonizing to Gewertz ( 2007 ) , the survey Facebook use on pupil ‘s position is effectual larning tool. It is able to better the interaction between lector and pupils. Ther efore, Facebook has peculiar become an effectual tools for college pupils when semen to the job in their assignments. Brady et Al. ( 2010 ) portion the similar findings on the pupil perceptual experience on the impact of Facebook. Majority of the pupils are reported to hold Facebook as their e-learning in their classs alternatively of face to confront communicating.DecisionThis reappraisal reflected up the research inquiry â€Å" The perceptual experience of Malayan College Students when comes to their Facebook use and academic public presentations. † Facebook as a new phenomenon in the society has gain popularity specific among the younger coevals like pupils. Previous surveies have indicated positive and negative result of Facebook. In positive position, Facebook has been view as an of import educational tool to better pupil public presentations, while in the negative position, Facebook is by and large found to be negatively affected pupil classs. However, we assumed that a lthough Facebook has been described as able to convey negative consequence on academic public presentations, the pupils will still comprehend Facebook as non impacting on their academic public presentations. Therefore, to to the full understand the impact of Facebook use towards pupils ‘ academic public presentations, it is of import to carry on a research survey in position that based on the pupils itself.Chapter 3 MethodologyChapter 3 Methodology3.1 IntroductionThe conceptual model was constructed based on the countries of treatment on the literature reviewed and that will lend to the undermentioned chapter of this survey. Therefore, this chapter will show the research method and scheme that used to roll up the information in this survey. The chapter starts by explicating the pilot survey, trying method, and research design. The concluding subdivision of this chapter will reason the research process in roll uping the information in this survey.3.2 Pilot StudyPilot survey has conducted in Tunku Abdul Rahman College Penang Branch Campus. The instruments have been assigned to 20 possible respondents. The information collected was used to minimise and analyse the mistakes in the survey. However, informations collected will non be included as the research determination. Through the pilot survey, one extra inquiry has been suggested by the respondent and therefore it has been added to the questionnaire. Some of the inquiries have been reconstructed to more comprehensive in term of grammar and linguistic communication. Correction has been made in the reply by supplying more options to the future respondents of this study.3.3 Capable and ParticipantsThe questionnaires studies were distributed to 160 respondents and entire 153 return with valid responses. Figure 4.2.1 summarizes the demographic profiles of the respondents. The respondents were 54 males and 96 females. All the respondents were undergraduate pupils runing between 18 and above 25 old ages old. Des pite of the diverseness of ethnicity, bulk of the respondents are Chinese and most of them are Diploma holder.3.4 Sampling methodThe population for this survey was Malayan college pupils. The sample was determined by purposive sampling method. A sum of 160 trying size were identified in this survey from 3 different establishments. Respondent must be a Facebook user was used as the basic standards of the purposive sampling method in this survey. To guarantee the quality of the informations collected, the respondents will be ask in verbally whether they have ain Facebook history before carry oning the study. Respondents will be informed that the informations collected is purely confidential and merely for academic intents. The information such as name, reference and contact figure will non be included in the study in order to protect the respondents ‘ privateness. To obtain the information sing the perceptual experience of the Malaysian college pupils, the establishments were narrowed to the college pupils in private establishments in Penang. The establishments were determined from the list of the best private college in Penang province accorded to Malaysian Quality Evaluation System ( 2011 ) . The list was obtained by out of 26 private colleges in Penang, the samples will be categorized into 5, 4 and 3 stars in term of overall consequence based tonss and the study will be carried out merely in three colleges. The chosen colleges are KDU Penang College, Han Chiang College and Equator Academy of Art as 5, 4 and 3 starts severally. The ground to choose these 3 colleges is to happen out the different position of the pupils in different evaluation degree of colleges.3.5 Research DesignIn this subdivision, the research design is reviewed and discussed in inside informations. The survey was to look into on the perceptual experience of Malayan Colleg e Students toward the Facebook use on their academic public presentation. In order to accomplish the research aim, quantitative research has been chosen as the method to roll up the information. The ground is because quantitative research is utile when used to quantify sentiments, attitudes and behaviours and happen out how the whole population feels about a certain issue ( Suphat Sukamolson, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Creswell ( 1994 ) , quantitative research is basically in explicating a phenomenon by roll uping numerical informations that are analyzed utilizing mathematically based methods. Therefore, to obtaining the perceptual experience and besides the consciousness on the Facebook use and academic public presentations, quantitative research is prove to be more suited. In this research survey, questionnaire study is used as the instrument to roll up the information. The questionnaires study was designed to analyze 3 major countries of ratings: consciousness of Facebook use, perceptual experience of Facebook use, and perceived effects on overall academic public presentations ( Appendix B ) . The respondents will have a standardised and consistent set of questionnaires ( Appendix B ) that consists of 15 inquiries. Demographics informations such as age, gender, race and instruction degree were collected. Then the inquiries will travel on to one of the research nonsubjective inquiries to happen out the consciousness toward their Facebook use. The manner to mensurate the consciousness of Facebook use is through the respondent ‘s cognition and degree of battle in the Facebook. 5 inquiries constructed in this subdivision such as clip spent on the Facebook daily, intent of utilizing Facebook, location and the channel that normally logon to Facebook. These inquiries included multiple picks responses the combination of 1 inquiry which the respondent s can take more than an option. The concluding subdivision of the questionnaire study focused on the perceptual experiences of the respondent towards Facebook use on their academic public presentations. The inquiries were designed to turn to on the degree of attitudes towards the certain statements. The sample steps for the construct including: Using Facebook affect my day-to-day modus operandi. Using Facebook impact my scrutiny consequence. Using Facebook affect my college assignment. Using Facebook impact my category engagement. Using Facebook impact my attending in category. These inquiries drawn a line which the respondents are required to rate in footings of the grade to which it reflects their attitude towards the statement. Likert Scale evaluation system has been used to mensurate construct of the perceptual experience towards Facebook use on their academic public presentations. For case, 5-point categorical graduated table that ranged from strongly differ to strongly hold was used to measure the degree of strength on the statement.3.6 Research ProcedureThe first informations aggregation was implemented get downing 18 November 2012 began at the Equator Academy of Art and traveling on to KDU College and Han Chiang College. It was noted the study was conducted inside the campus of Han Chiang College and chief gate for the other two colleges. Questionnaires studies were distributed to 160 respondents. In order word, a sum of 53 questionnaires have been distributed in each college. However, merely 150 respondents ‘ reply will be chosen to bring for th better quality and valid consequences. The intent is to extinguish those failed to react or did non reply wholly in the conducted study. As indicated in the old sampling method, the respondents had been asked verbally whether they have Facebook history. Then we will merely continue on distribute the questionnaires to the respondents. In the procedure of informations aggregation, accounts will be given to the respondents that have job on replying the questionnaires. Finally, each respondent took about 5 proceedingss to complete the questionnaire. In Equator Academy of Art, we started to administer a sum of 53 questionnaires to the college pupils. Finally, the response rate was 100 % . In KDU College, the questionnaires were conducted which 48 out of 54 respondents completed the questionnaire study. Last in Han Chiang College, 52 out of 54 questionnaires have been received in to the full answered respond. Therefore, the overall response rate for the study was 95 % and 153 out of 160 respondents to the full completed the questionnaire study. However, some challenges and jobs have been faced in the survey. The attitude of the respondent is one of the chief jobs faced in the informations aggregation procedure. Some of the respondents are unable to finish the questionnaire by go forthing space in certain inquiries. There are besides some mistake happened when the respondents tick more than one replies in the inquiry which the direction does non required to make so.3.7 DecisionAs a decision in this chapter, the survey was conducted at three private colleges Equator of Art and Academy, Hanchiang College and KDU College in Penang province. Quantitative research questionnaire study was used to roll up the information from the college pupils. The sampling is determined by utilizing purposive sampling method. Consequences that obtained will be farther discuss and analysis in following chapter.Chapter 4 Finding & A ; AnalysisChapter 4 Finding & A ; Analysis4.1 IntroductionThis survey sought to look into the perceptual experience o f Malayan College Students towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation utilizing the quantitative research method. The instrument of questionnaires study has been used to roll up the information in three different instruction establishments. Datas were collected in the undermentioned country: Demographic profile, Awareness of Facebook Usage and Perception of Facebook use affect on academic public presentations4.2 Demographic ProfileThis subdivision provides the information sing the demographic profile of the study respondents. Four inquiries are asked on the instrument included degree of instruction, race, age and gender. The information presented on the Figure 4.1 is the combination consequences of the respondents in 3 different colleges.Degree of instructionPercentageCertificate 20 % Diploma 65 % Bachelor Degree 15 % Others 0 %RacePercentageMalay 5 % Chinese 71 % Indian 21 % Others 3 %AgePercentage18 20 % 19 13 % 20 40 % Above 21 27 %GenderPercentageMale 36 % Female 64 % Figure 4.2.1 Demographic Profile The tabular array above shows the demographic profile on degree of instruction. Majority 65 % respondents are Diploma holder, while 20 % and 15 % of the respondents are Certificate and Bachelor Degree holder severally. The 2nd subdivision of the tabular array above shows the demographic profile on the races. Majority 71 % of the respondents are Chinese, while 21 % are Indian. The consequence besides indicated that 5 % and 3 % of the respondents are Malay and Sikh severally. The undermentioned subdivision of the tabular array above shows the demographic profile on the age. Majority 40 % respondents are 20 old ages old and 27 % respondents are above 21 old ages old. The consequence besides included 20 % and 13 % of the respondents belongs to 18 and 19 old ages old. The concluding subdivision of the tabular array shows the demographic profile on the gender. 64 % of the entire respondents are female while the remainder 36 % are male.4.3 Awareness of Facebook UsageThis subdivision will show the consequences of Awareness of Facebook use of the respondents. All respondents were asked five inquiries sing their use on Facebook. Figure 4.2 – Figure 4.6 shows the consequences from these series of inquiries. Figure 4.3.1 Frequency of log on to Facebook The saloon chart above shows that bulk 84 % respondents log on to Facebook daily. 11 % of the respondents logon to Facebook 1-3 times per hebdomad. The consequences besides indicated minority of respondents which merely 4 % of them log on to Facebook 1-3 times per hebdomad. However, merely 1 % of the respondents fall under assorted because failed to supply the complete reply. Figure 4.3.2 Location of log on to Facebook The saloon chart above shows that bulk 73.30 % respondents normally log on to Facebook in their place. 11.33 % and 10.60 % of respondents normally logon to Facebook at inn and college severally. The consequence besides shows that merely 4 % of the respondents log on to Facebook in public topographic points. However, 0.66 % of the respondents fall under assorted because failed to follow the direction of the inquiry. Figure 4.3.3 Channel used to log on to Facebook The saloon chart above shows that bulk 40 % respondents normally log on to Facebook utilizing the computing machine. The consequences indicated that computing machine is the chief channel for pupils to log on to Facebook. 29.33 % and 24 % log on to Facebook through handphone and tabular arraies severally. However, merely 6.66 % of respondents used laptop to logon to Facebook. Figure 4.3.4 Daily Time Spent on Facebook The saloon chart above shows that bulk 40 % respondents spend 1-3 hours on Facebook daily. 17.33 % and 13.33 % of the respondents spend more than 6 hours and less than 1 hr on Facebook severally. The consequences besides indicated that 9.33 % of respondents spend 4-6 hours on Facebook daily and 20 % of them are non certain about their day-to-day clip spent on Facebook. Figure 4.3.5 The intents of utilizing Facebook The inquiry allowed the respondents to take more than one reply. Therefore, the saloon chart above shows the bulk respondents used Facebook for amusement and socialisation intents which are 34.72 % and 34.02 % severally. The consequences besides indicated that 24.31 % of the respondents use Facebook to seek for information and 4.17 % used it as recreation. However, 2.77 % of the respondents fall under assorted because failed to follow the direction of the inquiry. 4.4 Percept of Facebook use affect on academic public presentations This subdivision of the instrument begins to analyze the respondents ‘ perceptual experience of Facebook use on their academic public presentations. Respondent were asked to turn to on the degree of attitudes towards the certain statements. The measuring of the responses is based on the Likert Scale Rating System. IntensityStatementStrongly holdAgreeImpersonalDisagreeStrongly differa ) Using Facebook affect my day-to-day modus operandi 24 % ( 36 ) 27 % ( 40 ) 27 % ( 40 ) 13 % ( 20 ) 9 % ( 14 ) B ) Using Facebook impact my scrutiny consequence 11 % ( 16 ) 13 % ( 20 ) 36 % ( 54 ) 29 % ( 44 ) 11 % ( 16 ) degree Celsius ) Using Facebook affect my college assignment 20 % ( 30 ) 16 % ( 24 ) 29 % ( 44 ) 29 % ( 44 ) 6 % ( 8 ) vitamin D ) Using Facebook impact my category engagement 7 % ( 10 ) 7 % ( 10 ) 28 % ( 42 ) 33 % ( 50 ) 25 % ( 38 ) vitamin E ) Using Facebook impact my attending in category 10 % ( 15 ) 6 % ( 9 ) 29 % ( 44 ) 38 % ( 56 ) 17 % ( 26 ) Figure 4.4.1: Responses to the inquiry on the perceptual experiences towards Facebook use on their academic public presentations rated with a 5 different strength on Likert graduated table evaluation system The figure above shows that 24 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement â€Å" Using Facebook impact my day-to-day modus operandi † . 27 % of them agree with the statement, 27 % of them indicated impersonal to the statement, while 13 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 9 % of them strongly disagree with the statement. The 2nd figure shows that 11 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement â€Å" Using Facebook affect my scrutiny consequence † . 13 % of them agree with the statement, 36 % of them indicated impersonal to the statement, while 29 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 11 % of them strongly disagree with the statement. The 3rd figure shows that 20 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement â€Å" Using Facebook affect my college assignment † . 16 % of them agree with the statement, 29 % of them indicated impersonal to the statement, while 29 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 6 % of them strongly disagree with the statement. The undermentioned figure shows that merely 7 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement â€Å" Using facebook impact my category engagement † . 7 % of them besides agree with the statement, 28 % of them indicate impersonal to the statement, while 33 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 25 % of them strongly disagree with the statement. The last figure shows that 10 % of the respondents strongly agree with the statement â€Å" Using Facebook affect my attending in category † . Merely 6 % agree with the statement, 29 % of them indicate impersonal to the statement, while 38 % of them disagree with the statement and the remainder 17 % of them strongly disagree with the statement. Figure 4.4.2 Percept of Facebook will impact their overall academic public presentation The saloon chart above shows that bulk 65.33 % respondents perceived Facebook will non impact their overall academic public presentation. The respondents perceived themselves have good clip direction accomplishments and they are non addicted to Facebook However, merely 34.66 % of respondents perceived Facebook will impact their overall academic public presentation. The respondents perceived Facebook will deflect them from making their academic undertakings.Chapter 5 Discussion & A ; ConclusionChapter 5 Discussion & A ; Conclusion5.1 Summary of surveyThis survey was conducted at three instruction establishments throughout the Penang provinces. As Facebook has become a new phenomenon that had important impact to the life of the college pupils. As pupils use of the Facebook are increasing, so it is of import for the survey to understand on the impact of Facebook use on college pupils. Finally, non much research has been done on researching on the perceptual experience of the beginnings itself which are the pupils on these issues. Therefore, this survey aims to look into the perceptual experience of Malayan College Students towards Facebook use on their academic public presentation. Therefore, one of the cardinal facets of this survey is to foreground the college pupils ‘ use on Facebook. The bulk of the pupils log on to the Facebook daily with over 73.30 % of them accesses it from their place. It was besides indicated that, pupils spent up to 1 to 3 hours per twenty-four hours. The bulk of the pupils accesses to Facebook utilizing the computing machine and laptop as it is besides been consider as nomadic personal computing machine. As expected, the pupils uses Facebook are for amusement and socialisation intents. The perceptual experiences of the pupils are explored on the Facebook use on their academic public presentations. Students besides indicated understanding on Facebook use will impact on their day-to-day modus operandi. However, the undermentioned responses remain either with impersonal response or being to differ with the statement that Facebook use will impact their academic public presentations. Therefore, it is clearly that most of the pupils perceived that Facebook use will non impact their scrutiny consequences. The perceptual experience of pupils besides noted that Facebook will non impact their overall academic undertaking public presentations included college assignment, category engagement and attending in the category. The ground is because bulk of the pupils perceived themselves have a good clip direction accomplishments. They are able to apportion their clip sagely between Facebook and academic undertaking every bit good as being addicted to Facebook.5.2 DiscussionAs note d in Chapter 2 Literature Review, exposure to Facebook hold the inclination to convey overall negative consequence on pupils ‘ academic public presentations. This survey has applied utilizations and satisfaction theory to explicate the progressively popularity of Facebook among college pupils. It is note Facebook has been used as tools to carry through college pupil ‘s societal and amusement demands. As a consequence, pupils appear to see negative impact on their academic public presentations. Regardless, heavy use of Facebook tends to do for lower pupil ‘s scrutinies classs. Facebook is able to do distraction consequence on their academic undertaking specific on those pupils that extremely engage in this societal platform. In this context, pupils appear to utilize Facebook for amusement and socialisation intents. The consequences besides display that bulk college pupils are more likely to pass 1 to 3 hr per twenty-four hours on Facebook. This may besides related t o the fact that norm of the college pupils spent up to 8 hours per twenty-four hours on Facebook. Therefore, the current survey therefore provides the perceptual experience of Malayan college pupils toward Facebook use on their academic public presentations. Sing the initial use of the pupils in this platform, this survey noted that Facebook has been perceived that it will non do negative impact to their academic public presentations. Although Facebook has been indentify as the tools for amusement and socialisation, self ordinance such as good clip direction is able prevent pupils from Facebook dependence. Therefore, pupils are able to apportion their clip sagely apportion their clip on Facebook. The current survey consequences besides present that pupils are non the heavy users of Facebook. Therefore, it might be one of the possible deductions that Facebook uses are non the chief ground that will impact on their academic public presentations. Student have besides been reported that they normally log on to Facebook at their place alternatively of college. College pupils are more likely to less on-line to Facebook during the category. This indicated that, Facebook use has been perceived that will non impact their engagement and attending during the category.5.3 DecisionThis survey presents the perceptual experience of college pupils on Facebook use toward their academic public presentations. In fact, battle on Facebook has been measured as the variables of finding the consciousness of Facebook use. The theoretical model suggested that long clip spent on Facebook will negatively impact pupil ‘s academic public presentations. As a decision, the survey premises provide noteworthy consequences in Malayan context. Despite Facebook has been described as a possible negative consequence on pupil overall academic public presentations, in pupils ‘ perceptual experience, Facebook will non convey any negative consequence to their overall academic public presentations. Based on the consequences, self ordinances such as good clip direction accomplishment has b een viewed as the bar for this result. 5.4 Limitation of survey This subdivision sought to name out the restriction exists in this survey. First, this survey is limited to pupils in merely three colleges. Due to clip and resources restraints, the survey can merely be conducted in the limited country. In fact, there are some demographics that become of import consideration when researching the perceptual experience of college pupils in this three instruction establishments. The bulk of the respondents are the Chinese and female populations. In add-on, the survey is besides limited to the figure of responses of the pupils. Merely a sum of 160 questionnaires have been distributed to the respondents due to the clip restraints. The larger samples are required to be sufficiently stand foring the result of the whole population. Therefore, it is unreasonable to confidently generalise these consequences to users with different demographic or cultural contexts.5.5 Suggestion for future researchIn responses to the restriction above, the country of research should research more specifically on with Facebook impact of Malaysia college pupils. The research is able to carry on in larger population trying in the hereafter. In add-on to that, future survey may besides prove on the perceptual experience of the general populace on Facebook use. More or less, the research country have to be conducted in larger country included the different demographic position. Furthermore, comparative survey between Malaysian college pupils and other ci vilization context can be conducted to measure the relationship of Facebook use and academic public presentations. Last, qualitative research can be conduct in order to obtain a more in-depth apprehension on the Facebook use of the college pupils.

History of Cars Essay

The invention of the automobile is an evolution of ideas and actions, beginning with Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton’s theoretical plans for a motor vehicle that led to the invention of the first self-propelled vehicle. The invention of the automobile changed American society by transforming a country of isolated communities into a single entity. The ultimate honor of the first motorized vehicle is attributed to Nicolas Joseph Cugnot, an engineer and mechanic in the French Military. In 1769, Cugnot made his first attempt to construct an automobile. He called it â€Å"Fardier a vapeur† and it reached a top speed of 4 km/h. Even though his first attempt failed, he presented the world with a breakthrough in technology. Cugnot also has another title to his name: the first person ever to be involved in a motor vehicle accident in 1770. He crashed his second invention of the steam-powered tricycle, which could carry 4 passengers. In 1789, the American Oliver Evans was granted the first US patent for a steam-powered land vehicle thus introduced America to a new mode of transportation. In 1807, another breakthrough was brought about. A Swiss man named Francois Isaac de Rivaz invented the internal combustion engine that used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen for fuel. Because he only invented the engine, Rivaz had many people construct automobiles into which he could put the engine. This plan failed but it was the idea of the engine that stayed alive. A few decades later, a man named Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir invented and patented a double-acting, electric spark-ignition, internal combustion engine fueled by gasoline. With this, Lenior was able to successfully make a 55-mile road trip and people’s lives began to change. In 1876, Nikolaus August Otto invented a successful four-stroke engine called the Otto Cycle. With this new breakthrough, the race to invent the first modern automobile began in a hurry. Gottlieb Daimer and Wilhelm Maybach took Otto’s engine a step further and made what is recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine. The two men named their creation the â€Å"Daimler-Maybech engine† which made Dailmer considered to be the first inventor of a practical combustion ngine. Karl Benz, in 1885, became the first to design and build the world’s first practical automobile to be powered by an internal combustion engine. By January 29th, 1886, Benz received the first patent for a gas-fuelled car (only three wheels). On March 8th 1886, Daimler designed the world’s first four-wheeled automobile. In 1889, Daimler invented a V slanted 2 cylinder, four s troke engine with mushroom shaped valves. This became the standard model for all cars going forward. In America in the 1900’s, people were still relying on the electric automobiles. America’s first gasoline-powered commercial car manufacturers were brothers Charles and Frank Duryea (1893). Together, these two introduced a working gasoline automobile that easily outdated the electric vehicles. The first automobile to be mass-produced in America was the 1901 Curved Dash Oldsmobile built by American Ransome Eli Olds. A total of 425 Curved Dashes were produced just in 1901. Oldsmobile therefore took the title of America’s leading auto manufacturer from 1901-1904. A man named Henry Ford designed his first automobile and named it â€Å"Quadricycle. However, he had no real success with that invention. When he formed the Ford Motor Company in 1903, which is where he found success. His Model T, in 1903, became increasingly popular making Ford and his company the most popular in America. Because of cars, cities in America grew and suburbs appeared for the first time. Factory workers no longer needed to live near their factory because the new means of transp ortation allowed them to commute across town. Cars completely replaced any other means of transportation in both efficiency and usefulness and brought America closer together.

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LEGAL ADVICE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LEGAL ADVICE - Research Paper Example Continuously, the healthcare costs trend of the university has been on the increase at a rate of between 10-15% yearly. Though this is economically tenable given the current economic environment, a steering committee was formed to form a five-year initiative to lead the organization for another five year term period. Based on the aforementioned gap and prioritization analyses, as well as our learning from benchmark studies, it is intended that the following areas will receive priority over the next five years. Between Years, One and Two MHCI has to plan to undertake the following initiatives: 1. Development and implementation of a comprehensive communications plan to move people to action around health improvement 2. Annual offering of free, confidential wellness assessments for regular, active UM faculty and staff, including a health questionnaire and wellness screening 3. Provision of wellness assessment participation incentives for eligible faculty and staff 4. Post health questio nnaire follow?up and referral to helpful programs and health coaching designed to help individuals reduce their health risks and/or maintain their low?risk status 5. Implementation and evaluation of population?based wellness programs such as Active U, healthy eating, online tools related to ergonomics and mental and emotional health 6. Analysis of the alignment and integration of MHealthy programs with UM health care benefit offerings 7. Analysis and implementation of innovative programs designed to improve the value of health care in Michigan and beyond From Years, Three through five a shift in the initiative planning strategies will take a different form as follows: 1. Continued provision of wellness assessments and incentives (wellness screenings to be provided in years three and five) 2. Detailed program analysis to determine impact on health improvement, culture change and cost containment strategies 3. Additional strategic program planning based on outcomes from detailed progr am analysis 4. Continued analysis of the alignment and integration of MHealthy programs with UM health care benefit offerings 5. Lastly, we will ensure continued analysis and implementation of innovation programs for effectiveness and efficiency in the organization. The recommendations in the development of the initiatives are considered a business imperative as well as the right thing to do. It is essential to the overall well?being of the University and its employees to improve health and at the same time, slow the growth in health care costs. Elements of administrative laws and their relevance to the upcoming initiative This branch of the laws includes the laws and the principles of law, which will lead to the administration, and the regulation of MHCI. Such elements include those that will enable the organization perform multiple tasks to their target clients and the citizens at large with regard to the required regulatory frameworks. Such elements of the law include the resourc e protection elements, transport regulation elements, the food and health protection elements of the law. Because not all administrative law systems are the same, it is imperative for an individual to have knowledge of the political, historical, social, and economic context of the system of a particular state to fully understand its administrative law. In most systems, a state’

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Assess the intent and impact of publicityoriented legal challenges to physicianassisted suicide - Essay Example (Egendorf PAS occurs when a doctor, upon the requests of the patient, provides a lethal overdose of medication for the patient to self-administer explicitly knowing that it will enable the patient to commit suicide. Euthanasia, on the other hand, is where the doctor himself administers the lethal overdose. PAS is also ethically and legally distinct in the case wherein the doctor provides medication with the goal of only relieving pain but understanding that death could occur as a secondary effect. There are currently three places in the world where PAS is legal namely the state of Oregon in the United States and the Netherlands. United Kingdom is also considering the legalization of PAS. The prescribed medication involves a lethal dose of barbiturates that is taken in liquid or in tablet form. (Emmanuel, 1998) Due to the fact that PAS involves termination of life of an institution that was tasked to save lives, the issue has been hotly debated primarily on moral and legal terms. Those on the supporting side argue that individuals should have control over the timing and manner of their own deaths. Some argue that actively bringing about one's death is no different legally than refusing life-sustaining treatment. However, opponents contend that legalizing assisted suicide will cause many problems. They fear that vulnerable individuals may be coerced into suicide as a result of financial pressure or fear of burdening their families. Religious opposition to assisted suicide is often based on the belief that God, not humans, should make the choices regarding death. With PAS, doctors are actually actively "killing" patients by making a lethal dose available whereas treatment refusal would only result to a passive involvement in the death of an individual. (Emmanuel et al, 2000) The issue is further complicated by the fact that the legal considerations has not been defined and determined once and for all. IntheUnitedStates, only one state, Oregon, has adopted a law specifically allowing physician-assisted suicide. In November 1994 voters in Oregon approved a ballot measure adopting the Death with Dignity Act, which authorized physicians to prescribe lethal doses of medication for terminally ill patients. However, opponents of assisted suicide challenged the constitutionality of the law and prevented its enforcement. In 1997, after the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the states have the authority to regulate this issue, the voters of Oregon again approved the act. However, in November 2001, the US attorney general came out with a statement that physicians involving themselves in assisted suicide would nevertheless be violating federal drug laws.() While they may not be liable to criminal prosecution, physicians would have their permission to prescribe med ication revoked by the Drug Enforcement Agency. Also, the DEA would not bother examining the medical records of patients in enforcing federal drug laws and would instead get all the names of the physicians involved in PAS in a regulatory body created by the Oregon Death with Dignit

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Tracing the development of painting - Term Paper Example The essay "Tracing the development of painting" discovers the development of painting. The chronological discussion of painting styles proves the difference in visual characteristics but with a number of similarities and are related to each other in some way or other. This painting style was originated around 1600s and influenced the following centuries. Besides, this form of painting style is rich and deep in color, and the intense usage of light and shadow. The exponents of Baroque style made use of the most exact moment or the dramatic point of events arouse emotionality in the minds of viewers. One of the best examples for Baroque as a painting style is The Deposition by Caravaggio. Neoclassicism dominated the European art from 18th century to 19th century. Neoclassicism was basically a reaction against Rococo style in European Art. As a painting style, Neoclassicism gave due importance to Roman and Greek art. Its influence is not limited to the sphere of painting, but it extends to other forms of art like literature and architecture. One of the best examples for Neoclassicism as a painting style is The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David. Realism originated in Europe, especially in France, in 1850s. Besides, it was a movement against Romanticism. Realism was totally against the emotionalism projected by Romanticism, and was in favor of the ideology of Objective Realism. So, truth and accuracy were the fundamental principles of Realism in painting. In short, realism gave due importance.... Impressionism: Impressionism originated in Paris, as an Art movement in 19th century. The name Impressionism is originated from Claude Monet’s art work, namely ‘Impression, Sunrise’. The usage of thin brushstrokes, perfect lighting, usage of ordinary subjects, and strange visual angles are some of its main characteristics. One of the best examples for Impressionism is The Abduction of Egypt by Shwidkiy Andrey (see appendix -4). Post-Impressionism: Post-Impressionism was developed in France during 1880s. Roger Fry, the renowned British Art critic was behind the creation of the term Post-Impressionism. Post-Impressionism was an extension of Impressionism, but rejected the limitations of Impressionism. The exponents of Post-Impressionism gave more importance to geometric forms. The usage of unnatural color in paintings is one of the most important features of Post-Impressionism. One of the best examples for Post-Impressionism is Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh (See ap pendix – 5). Cubism: Cubism transformed the scenario of painting in Europe and deeply influenced other forms of art like sculpture and music. The basic element of Cubism is to break down the object, analyze it, and to re- assemble the same. This helps the painter to present the art work with difference in subject matter. The usage of random angles is the most important aspect of cubism. One of the best examples for Cubism is Guernica by Pablo Picasso (see appendix-7). Geometric abstraction: Geometric abstraction is based on abstract art. Besides, it is based on non-objective and two dimensional models. It rejects exaggeration and illusionistic modes of painting and makes use of canvas as

English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Summary Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Write a statement about what the correct decision should have been and Essay

Write a statement about what the correct decision should have been and why - Essay Example By approving the production of the Pintos, the top-level managers acted only to satisfy their personal interests. The decision to produce Pintos was wrong because there were serious wrangles and disagreements among the top managers. Before the production of the car was commenced, the top manager should have ensured that all grievances that were being raised were addressed effectively. The consequences of poor communication strategies were interdepartmental conflicts and lack of coordination between different sectors, an aspect that led to errors in the production units. The decision to compare the lives of people in monetary value and the cost of remodeling the fuel tank was wrong. Even if it’s possible to compensate people who lose their friends and family members through accidents, it is more costly to mend the damage that the accidents will have to the reputation of the business in the market. Therefore, the decision should have taken into consideration the long-term strategy of the

Reforming Global Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reforming Global Finance - Essay Example The stability of the global market destabilized to an extent that the economy of the rest of the world, including Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, and South Korea went into economic meltdown. This was so severe that it called for the intervention of the humanitarian groups, like Jubilee 2000, who advocated for the cancellation of the debts owed by the poorest countries. The Central bank decided to chip in and try to resolve the situation therein. They worked for 24hours just to see the thing go back in order. Hazel introduces John Perkins, who is an economist and the author of â€Å"Confessions of an Economic Hit Man†, to discuss the history of economic theory and his involvement in the manipulation of the financial organizations like the world bank and the International Monetary fund (IMF). Perkins says that, during the past decades when ‘hot money’ was in circulation, he was actually seduced into luring the poor countries who had huge debts into further debts ( Henderson, Perkins, Rogoff, & Fukuda-Parr, 2005). This was purposed so that these countries would hold to the government policies of the United States. For instance, Indonesia became a victim when the United States loaned it billion of dollars, which was later taken by the US in the name of building for them projects back in the US. They continued paying back the loan with the huge interests until they could no more. This left Indonesia with a huge debt that they would never repay logically thus holding on to the US government. Therefore, this gave the US a chance to manipulate the Indonesians by fetching resources their country such as oil. Finally, Perkins confesses that whatever he was asked to do was technically politics and not assisting the poor countries to get out from their poverty (Henderson, Perkins, Rogoff, & Fukuda-Parr, 2005). I think this was an unfair way of trying to control the entire world. The US government went overboard in trying to exercise their superiority. Professor Kenneth Rogoff, who is the chief economist at the IMF, suggests that instead of giving out loans the US government would have given the underdeveloped countries grants.  Ã‚  

Top Dollar Enterprises Essay Example for Free

Top Dollar Enterprises Essay Business Development through the Next Decade of Gaming Transition Cycles I skate to where the puck is going to be, not to where it has been. Wayne Gretzky (www.timelessquotes.com 4/10/06) This quote identifies the most critical strategic consideration for Top Dollar Enterprises’ expansion into the eCommerce marketplace. By producing the most comprehensive on-line presence in the business, an eCommerce solution will propel this company profitably through the next transition of the gaming industry and beyond. While the plan for design, development, implementation and marketing of a high-end web site might seem difficult or even unrealistic at the outset; proper planning, project management and a graduated implementation scale will produce a result which will meet the ongoing goals and objectives of this organization. Unrelenting support from all company assets will secure the competitive edge Top Dollar Enterprises will require to be a peer among industry leaders. There are several well established models we can compare in assessing the requirements of this project: On-line giant Amazon, discount outlets such as Target and WalMart as well as specialty sites including GameSpot. Niche competitors like GameSpot have some (but not all) of the features in common that we will discuss. Popular examples include: Forums, where users discuss games, play, design and other subjects of interest; Blogs, (an internet exclusive term) where industry professionals discuss current topics between themselves and the users; Cheats, special codes or tokens imbedded in the game program which give the avatar, etc. added abilities, advance the play beyond the current level or may allow the user access to formerly unknown and unadvertised levels of play; Links, to other areas and websites of interest, in addition to the various gaming consoles and software.   These extra features are not found at Amazon, WalMart or Target Stores on-line. The proposal set before you is unique in its scope. Five major objectives are outlined. Advanced Products Pro Active Liability Minimization Security Scalability Broader Functionality Advanced Products In the effort to keep up with the vast array of changes in the technology sector we must be ready to deliver the product that our customers will need. These are predictions which take into account current trends in the Gaming Industry from one of the leading sources: Overall hardware unit sales are predicted to grow 30% from 2006 to 2011. Most of that growth will be in handheld hardware, which has been tipped to grow 45% over the next cycle. Software growth is predicted to go from $7.0 billion in 2005 to $10.0 billion in 2008. The analysts say that the sector as a whole should outperform broader market indices. The introduction of PS3 and Revolution in the U.S. is pegged to be late 2006 with Sony introducing the rumored HD equipped PSP (presumably to tap into the iPod market)  in mid-2006.   (Piper Jaffray; http://www.next-gen.biz 09/30/05) The next consumer product in software for gaming consoles will be downloads. Advancements in technology, micro memory storage and hard drive units, as well as the widespread use of broadband by consumers have overcome the obstacles to â€Å"on demand† software publishing. Existing sites selling cartridges or disks cannot easily expand to include this class of functionality. In addition to downloading the programs, there will be a need for either an eBook or separate document download with instructions for each program. As is usual with this sort of product, there will also be a need for broader Technical Support services. Pro Active Liability Minimization There are two problems facing the Video Game industry that should be examined here: The first is unauthorized copy and distribution of proprietary software. Copy Right infringement is a serious problem for all media concerns worldwide. Top Dollar Enterprises should be informed and ready to implement any new technology that becomes available. In the interim, Registration Keys are common software theft deterrent devices. Use of a Registration Key is not foolproof, but is used industry wide and should be adequate for this purpose. A â€Å"timed† Registration Key is also available for subscription based services in addition to the other products we are able to make available to the consumer. The second problem relates to the availability of mature and adult rated content to underage users. Several states and private litigants have, thus far, unsuccessfully tried to hold the game makers liable in these cases, but a new proposal has been put before the United States Senate: Family Entertainment and Protection Act (FEPA) Under the terms of FEPA, the federal government would enforce penalties of up to $5,000 against retailers convicted of selling Mature or Adults Only-rated games to minors; it also calls for the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate the Entertainment Software Ratings Board (ESRB) to find out whether they’ve been properly rating games. What’s alarming about this, in the eyes of video game activists and the Entertainment Software Association (ESA) itself, is that this isn’t a state bill. This is a federal bill that’s being considered in the United States Senate. If it’s passed, it would impose regulations across all 50 states. (Peter Cohen; Macworld Game Room Weblog; http://www.macworld.com; March 15, 2006) We can and must address this issue from the outset! The model proposed is one used successfully by both on-line casinos and adult pay sites. Adult pay sites require a validated credit card number, 3 digit code, expiration date and email address before they will send a password to access the site. Casinos use a similar, but more advanced system which is recommended here. In partnership with on-line banking establishments such as NeTeller and FirePay, the user sets up an online account which can be used at hundreds of merchant sites all over the world. A unique feature of on-line banking security measures is a timed verification questionnaire which is practically impossible to answer correctly unless you are the account holder. In addition, a verbal verification with the account holder is conducted by phone (phone number and records matched), thus virtually eliminating the issues associated with stolen Credit Cards as well as under age use. This function will also allow concerned parents to set up a sub-account with funds and ratings limits, giving younger users a safe and appropriate gaming experience without direct parental supervision. Using these functions, the site can be designed from the outset with a â€Å"teen and under† section as well as password protected sectors for both â€Å"mature† and â€Å"adult† users. Security In addition to the models listed in the earlier segment there are additional security measures available such as Authenticity Certificates, SSL (Secure Socket Layer) technology and 128 bit encryption. These once obscure protocols have enjoyed such success that eCommerce has been â€Å"branded† as a â€Å"safe† way to do business. Absolutely the best platforms and solutions will be used to insure a secure customer and product database as well as appropriate infrastructure and firewall protection. Scalability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ability to implement this plan in stages as well as flexibility in an ever changing technology sector make the scalability of this venture crucial to it’s success. More detail will be discussed under the Implementation heading of this report. Broader Functionality In summation, this web site would be better described as a â€Å"mega† site! Purchases of both cassette or disk software and downloads will be available with a click of the mouse. A separate download section for mobile devices can exponentially increase the available products to be purchased. The latest news, features and commentary will be available in the â€Å"Blog† section; users with questions or comments will be able to freely participate in the moderated Forum; an easy to use â€Å"Cheats† and â€Å"Codes† database will allow users to experience their game to it’s fullest value and a subscription service will be available for those who do not wish to purchase a permanent copy of the game. Other sections of the website will be devoted to â€Å"free trials† of available software; interactive story lines; promotions and other marketing collateral. There are currently no eCommerce Gaming or Video distribution sites using the available solutions to eliminate underage users’ access to mature and adult content.   This function alone would make Top Dollar Enterprises the preferred supplier of games and content among concerned parents, educators and special interest groups. As the industry changes, the product will too. Instead of having to rebuild or redesign to accommodate the market, Top Dollar Enterprises will simply apply the latest technology and user products to it’s existing portal, preserving time, money and most importantly: Market Share. Design   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Top Dollar Enterprises’ game design and marketing teams should be used extensively for this project. The website must incorporate a design which makes using most aspects of the site feel like playing their favorite game. Use of story boards will facilitate the communication process between designers and developers. Development There are several outstanding web development companies available. The consultation, proposal and bid process should be undertaken immediately. Globalization Expansion of the existing market and distribution network and facilities is highly recommended. Two examples which express the need as well as the challenges of expansion follow. Video game maker EA announced the opening of a game localization center in Singapore for serving the Asian market. This was not a huge surprise as the company announced in its 2005 annual report: We believe that in order to increase our sales in Asia, we will need to devote significant resources to hire local development talent and expand our infrastructure, most notably, the expansion and creation of studio facilities to develop content locally for each market. In addition, we may establish online game marketing, publishing and distribution functions in China. EA generated 47% of revenues from outside the US and I expect well see that number surpass 50% by 2007, depending on the success of this center. Game localization is not as simple as localizing a Web site. Many of the violent products that sell well in the US wont make it past the censors in Asian and European markets. Which means the product itself must be changed. (http://goingglobal.corante.com/archives/; Video Game Globalization; John Yunker; 12/06/05) For Microsofts video game Halo 2 to become a global success story, the game needed to be localized for the world. Easier said than done. JBL Localization issued a press release announcing their role in creating a Latin American Spanish version of Halo 2. The release sheds light on just how complex video game localization can be. Heres an excerpt: According to JBI Localization President Eliane Barth, the Halo 2 project involved more than 80,000 words of script, including a promotional trailer, and the recording of more than 30 actors reading the lines of the various characters. In one instance, Barth said, a last minute script change required that 14 actors be rounded up for a next-day recording session. The actors arrived at the studio on schedule and the work was completed that day. Altogether, JBI delivered more than 16,000 audio files, including processing. (JohnYunker; Video Game Globalization; http://goingglobal.corante.com/archives/; 12/06/05)   Consultation with a field expert commensurate with the first phase of eCommerce development should be a priority. The time allotted for development and implementation of the website should be used to â€Å"ramp up† production of localized deliverables, warehousing and shipping to ensure fast, efficient service once the site is launched. Implementation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initial implementation should be undertaken by the same company which designs and develops the site. Once the site has been launched, another independent service provider would likely be better suited to take over day-to-day operations. Some â€Å"crossover† activities such as technical support will be needed during this phase. It is recommended that operations be outsourced for a period of at least one year, giving Top Dollar Enterprises time to plan, execute and staff a corporate division to support all aspects of eCommerce operations. Technical expertise, hardware and hosting are aspects of this enterprise which should also be outsourced. Eventually, Top Dollar Enterprises may find it cost effective to physically manage and house the technical aspects of the operation; however, taking into consideration hardware obsolescence and product improvements in this area of technology, permanent outsourcing is recommended. Many implementation issues will arise as all of the separate aspects of the project come together. Marketing Marketing opportunities abound. Traditional strategies will be implemented in all available media as a complement to the ongoing strategy. In the interest of brevity, we will examine non-traditional and industry specific marketing opportunities. In Game Advertising and Partnerships One of the newer and more controversial revenue streams is from in game advertising. The following is an excerpt from a trade journal publication: †¦ Top video game maker Electronic Arts announced that the online version of its mega-hit The Sims will allow players to open McDonalds franchises and sell burgers to earn points in the game. The Sims Online, which is set to debut on the World Wide Web later this year, will also prominently feature Intel products. Both deals are reportedly worth millions of dollars. Real life product brands have been featured in video games increasingly since Pole Position, but this is being hailed as the first time a company has paid to have its products placed in a game. Its also being hailed as the latest step the video game market has made towards the lucrative product-placement schemes that are common in the Hollywood film industry. For McDonalds and Intel, they couldnt have chosen a better time to make the leap into the digital world. The Sims computer game – where players control every aspect in the daily life of their character, from careers to relationships to taking a leak – was the best-selling of all time, and the online version is one of the most anticipated in history. Its also one of the few video games to ever appeal to women in large numbers – Electronic Arts says as many as half its players are women, an unprecedented figure. (Tom Babin; Meet the McSim family; http://www.ffwdweekly.com/Issues/2002/1003/; TECHNOLOGY) Other non-typical avenues for advertising are movies, music and PDA/mobile devices. PDA and Mobile devices are the next generation of interactive hardware, which also makes them the next generation platform for advertising. Partnerships with mobile telephone and PDA application developers could allow us to place â€Å"demo† games on their devices. Similar games could be downloaded from our site for a fee. Music from our top selling games can be downloaded as â€Å"ringtones† and the list is only limited by our imaginations. Marketing of proprietary images, music and game clips can be promoted from a â€Å"Happy Meal† box, an answering machine, a television commercial, a soda can, a â€Å"Slurpee† cup, ad nausium. The sky and the budget are our limits! In summation: Top Dollar Enterprises must make a crucial decision about the direction of the company for the next decade. If we wish to remain a mid-sized company vying for a piece of market share revenue, we can simply continue on our present course. However, if this company has the vision and the backing to not only take the next step, but take the next leap, Top Dollar Enterprises can become a viable competitor at the top levels if the industry.

Environmental Problems Linked To Developing Transport Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Problems Linked To Developing Transport Systems Environmental Sciences Essay Throughout the rapidly developing world, convenient transport system led peoples meeting become more and more time-saving and comfortable. However, the gradually developing transport system has brought kinds of problems which are well worth for peoples greatest attention. There have an increasing focus on the environmental problems caused by the developing transport system. With these serious problems come a range of questions on peoples daily travel. Many people worry about the living surrounding which influenced by surface transport system. In this essay, I will analysis the environment effect caused by developing transport system, and effective mitigation measures have used to solve these questions. The surface transport system have consists defined to an extensive network of buses, cars, trams, trolleybuses and trains. Accompany with quick development of cities, transport system is expanding cover all over the cities to benefit for peoples daily lives during the same time. Mineta (2002) stated that transportation is essential to Americas security, economic prosperity and quality of life and surface transport system has supported the nations strong economic performance, and the evolution of world trade. There are widely held concerned that the developing of transport system has many benefits on humans lives. When people living in large cities, well established rail systems have significantly higher per capita transit ridership, lower average ,lower annual mileage, less traffic congestion, lower traffic death rates, lower consumer by this transportation ,therefore rail transit systems provide economic, social and environmental benefits to peoples lives stated by Litman(2010). Transport is part of peoples live, therefore, government should develop sustainable Transport which includes walking, cycling, public transport, car clubs, car sharing, eco-driving and low carbon vehicles. The purpose of develop sustainable transport is to reduce the problems which bring to environment and society caused by travelling, and supports economic growth. During the same time, sustainable transport will reduce car emissions that contribute to air pollution problems and global warming. This indicates that sustainable transport systems provide economic, social and environmental benefits, and these benefits tend to increase as a system expands and developed. Although developing transport system brings kinds of benefit to us, the negative aspects which caused cannot be ignored also. To date there has been agreement that no other machine has had a harmful effect on our environment than develop roads and increasing number of cars have brought to us. This is because people create the environment for living, but we have to repair our environment for cars and roads. The most serious problem caused by dramatically rising of expanding travel roads, highways, tunnels, overhead viaducts and the number of cars were environmental pollution in the crowded cities. There are kinds of surrounding contaminative problems, which have explicit relationship with the developing surface transport system. This can be divided into many points: noise pollution; air pollution; global warming; road danger; dissolving the cities; energy use. Noise seems to be one of the serious problem, there are many of America dwellers are exposed to noise so loud it has the potential to degrade hearing capacity over time stated by Orlando (2007). It is general that traffic noise thorough streets make people feel depressed and uncomfortable when they stay at home. Therefore, to protect residents from this trouble, it is vital to maintain the noise level at an appropriate degree. Furthermore, air pollution caused by surface transport system not only leads to serious health problem to human, but owing to the acid rain, which damage forests, buildings and water. It is definitely a complex problem in a crowded city. Air pollution  often  choked cities, because of so many a utomobiles emerge creating pollution. There is a body of opinion that global warming is the one of the greatest dangers which people will face during a long time. The developing transport system, which were remains one of the main growing sources of greenhouse emissions. It was also leads to serious climate problems. The  climate crisis is extremely dangerous, and it is a true planetary emergency, Gore (2006) stated. Global temperature is rising constantly, which leads to the world climate become imbalance. Throughout the developing transport system, the crowd city has expanded under unsustainable methods to fit all residents requirement. Many people claimed that the crowded city as essentially anti-human. Therefore, it is necessary for government and organization to take mitigation measures to develop a sustainable surface transport system to deal with the environmental problems. In order to mitigate the noise problem, government installs some noise barriers and does some noise insulation works to reduce the noise effect of transport projects. Governments have to support the sustainable transport. Take the Australian government for examples, it is engaging with most areas to support various approaches to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from public transport system in urban centers. Government should also ask for public idea for the important issue, because environmental problem concerns everyone. The Australian Transport Council and the Environment Protection and Heritage Council Vehic le Fuel Efficiency Working Group (2008), with support from the Australian Government, have handout a paper to ask the public opinions for car Fuel Efficiencies, it is a potential measures to encourage people to use fuel efficient, it will cause low carbon emission. Furthermore, government set up greenhouse gas reduced program project which include change national travel behavior. Governments also should encourage residents to use public transports for reduce car exhaust, greenhouse emissions and it was also save money on fuel cost. Governments needs to increase its investments in protect our living surroundings. For the other thing, government must have a sustainable urban and transport planning to meet for the increasing number of residents and cars. In the transport development plans, in order to avoiding the types of protection natural source, water sources and other environmental factors, make a sustainable transport planning, environmental planning, urban development planning a nd other contradiction between environment and cities make transport planning more scientific and sustainable. Take Singapores sustainable transport planning for example, there are several improvements which made in Singapore to have people adopt more sustainable modes of transportation. First of all, the public transport system is rapid reaching peoples requirement. During the population increases, the public transport network still keeping at the same rate with the population. There are effort have been set out to improving the expanding transport system and the frequency of public transport, such as buses and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) trains. For the environment, Electric vehicles also have been introduced into Singapore for the advantage of having zero emission, therefore it will not bring environmental pollution stated by Shaw (2010). Furthermore, the Singapore environment council improves people consciousness to use green technologies in transportation and promotes the walking and cycling lifestyle. Therefore, Singapore balanced success in developing transport system and environment in s ustainable development methods. To summarize, surface transport system has significant support for economic development and it offers a wide range of benefits to people lives. However, transport system is still making noise pollution, air pollution and other environmental problems to cities Andersson (2005) . There are several reasons for that current transport systems are not sustainable. First of all, petroleum source reserves are finite and petroleum emission influence urban air quality, it also brings a range of environment problems. Secondly, numerous transport facilities make cities crowded and detrimental environment. For the others, increasing number of cars and transport system make urban sprawl. Although governments have take serious measures to deal with the problems, it still existing and have detrimental effect to people during the developing cities. In order to solve this problem, government and individual have to improve their consciousness to use public transport. It will reduce the environmental ef fect caused by car emission and make a better living surrounding to residents. Furthermore, a healthy lifestyle, such as walking and cycling should be encouraged also.