Pompeii - Our Link to the Past essays

Pompeii - Our Link to the Past essays  ¡The cloud appeared to come out of the top of the mountain that was a long way away. The best way to describe it is to say it looked like a pine tree. It shot straight up like a very tall trunk. At the top of the trunk, the cloud spread out like branches. Parts of the cloud were very bright, and parts were quite dark. The different colors were caused by the amount of cinders in different parts of it." Pliny the Younger wrote these words as he observed the beginning eruption of the volcano that loomed over his city. As this continued, the citizens of Pompeii watched as the cloud came closer, engulfing the city with ashes and cinders, the volcano soon began producing sheets of lava and flames. Days later, the once prosperous city of Pompeii lay in ruins. Perhaps one of the richest sites of archaeological history, Pompeii provides a valuable insight into the life of first century Romans. From excavations that first began in 1748, much has been discovered about the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. Pompeii was first settled by the Oscans in 600BC, but didn ¡t become a Roman colony until 89BC under the direction of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Pompeii played a big role in ancient Rome. First of all, Pompeii was a chief center of trade. It had prosperous trade in wine, oil, millstones, fish, sauce, perfumes, and cloth. In addition, because Pompeii was located in such a prosperous and beautiful area, at the mouth of the Sarnus River, it made it a perfect place for leisure. During the time of the Roman Empire it was a desired place for the wealthy to build summer villas or homes. Destroyed in 79 AD by the eruption of Mt Vesuvius, Pompeii lay buried beneath layers of volcanic debris for more than 1700 years before being discovered by a farmer in the late 1600 ¡s. It wasn ¡t until 1763, 15 years after excavations first began, that the name of Pompeii was discovered. An inscription was found; it read  ¡rei ...

5 Steps to Choosing the Right Medical Career Path

5 Steps to Choosing the Right Medical Career Path Whether you’re a biochem whiz, or just a Grey’s Anatomy addict, you’ve decided that the medical field is for you. You want to save lives, or hold hands and mop brows, or make a difference. Or maybe you just want to make more money, and have noticed that the medical professions tend to be well-paid. That’s great. But what if you don’t know any more than that? Where to next?Here are 5 steps to figuring out which medical career to choose, and in which direction to push yourself in your drive forward toward success.1. Choose your adventureWhatever your motivation, dig a little deeper and make sure you know exactly what it entails. Then orient yourself accordingly. Are you more of a people (read: patients) person? Or a lab rat? Do you want to do the nitty-gritty day-to-day aide of the ailing? Or would you rather assist a surgeon? Or would you like to be more hands on and try working in PT or occupational therapy? Figure out what skills and tastes you hav e, then figure out which field within the medical family suits those best. Then make sure you’re aware of any training or schooling you’d require for that field, and whether or not you’re willing to acquire it.2. SpecializeWould you prefer to be in hospital or clinic? A doctor’s office or an urgent care? Do you want to be around children, the elderly, expecting mothers? Or a couple hundred beakers and test tubes? Figure out your ideal work environment, then start looking for positions within those.3.  Pick an ideal roleWithin that work environment, what’s your ideal role? Do you want to be a leader? A team member? An assistant? Would you rather do administrative duties? Or patient care? Consider what is most appropriate for you, your skills and talents, your knowledge, the level of education you’re likely to attain, and of course, your temperament. (Don’t decide to be a trauma surgeon if stress makes you faint. And don’t pick a desk job in health records if you get easily bored.)4. Get the skillsOnce you’ve narrowed down a field, a work environment, and role, make sure you have a good grasp on the skills and experience required. If you don’t have any of them, or you need to pursue certifications or degrees, get started as soon as you can. You’ll never have a shot at the jobs you want unless you work to be qualified enough to land them.5. Study hardNo matter what path you’ve chosen, you’re probably going to need some additional school. Do similar soul-searching when choosing a program that’s best for you. Then study hard, keep your eye on the prize, and remember: now that you’ve done all this preparation and self-interrogation, you can be confident in your choice. This is the career you want. Go get it.

McDonalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McDonalds - Essay Example People started being more dynamic, always on the road, changing customer taste and complex menus affected McDonalds’ ability to consistently deliver quality, service and value. Customers had to wait longer for special orders and they could notice changes in the standard originally set by McDonald. In response to these challenges, McDonald designed and implemented its new just-in-time kitchen system named ‘Made-for-You’. This kitchen is technically an overhaul of its previous kitchen designed to improve food quality, allows more menu items to be easily introduced and provide superior customer service. ‘Made-for-you’ mean whatever the customers have ordered is made just for them after they have ordered it. Nothing is prepared before the customer arrives. However, some components are prepared in advance. Its new system is based on five major criteria to succeed. First is service, which would take ninety seconds or less from ordering to delivery. Quality, which is second, is achieved by meeting high customer standards and food safety requirements. Third is food preparation, which should be easier to do right than wrong. Fourth are people. There should be increased job satisfaction, and finally profitability by reducing cost yet increasing customer satisfaction. New technology and extensive market research helped McDonalds developed a kitchen system that encompasses all of these operational and customer requirements. The company spent number of years exploring cooking technology, and holding technology where a component should be prepared in advance and kept in warming environment where it holds its temperature and moisture. McDonald’s ‘made-for-you’ kitchen system enables faster service to the customer. For example, when a customer places an order for a hamburger, it will show up on a screen and that would signal the crew to take a ban, put it through a special toaster up to 150 degree in eleven seconds. At that point, in time, the product is put on a rap various items added and finally meat is added from a special meat holding cabinet, and the product is rapped and presented to the customer. McDonald’s heated cabinet, called universal cabinet, was specifically designed for the made-for-you system. It enables them to handle all meat products for all of its sandwiches at temperatures that will be very much as if they have just come off the grills. In its new system, it also had a rapid speed toaster, which toast bans in only eleven seconds compared to twenty four seconds in the previous system. When an order is made, it is relayed to the kitchen and appears on the kitchen video monitor that is visible to the whole crew. Prior to the order, its computer system monitors customers’ traffic all the time in attempt to determine the flow orders. Computer can then detect times when business would increase and the types of food items ordered during these times. The computer then genera tes orders for the best selling items creating a buffer of items that are ordered in quick times this helps employees get a head during a rush. The computer also monitors employees output. Personal Opinion Changes in customers tastes and behaviors did bring challenges that initiated research carried out by McDonalds. These challenges might have brought negative impact to the business for sometime but in the end, it was an opportunity to conquer the world with new technologies. Several years of service gave it an edge over its competitors and through that it was

Women Authors as a Mirror of Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women Authors as a Mirror of Society - Essay Example The period of 1865 - 1912 marked one of the most important events in the history of America - the end of the Civil War. The war had claimed many lives and marked the end of slavery. It also marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution which would make America, a young nation then, the world's richest country in the future. During the change of the century, from 1865-1912, American women struggled to obtain freedoms and independence that is taken for granted today. The roles of women during this era were mostly defined by men, often in one of the many books of etiquette that taught them a proper "code of manners" and stated flatly, "The power of a woman is in her refinement, gentleness and elegance; it is she who makes etiquette, and it is she who preserves the order and decency of society". This was particularly true of middle-class women, and men strived to keep them restrained within the influences of the home. The expectation was for the woman to be "fixed firmly within their sphere of home and hearth", tending to the needs of the family, caring for children, and taking care of the home. Women were expected to remain virtuous and pure, to be modest, devout in their faith, and submissive to their male counterparts (The Yellow Wallpaper, 2008). During this period, the literary representations of writers underwent a massive change. ... Romanticism, as a literary movement started in England and also flourished in America. Much of it was also in the Gothic vein, such as the work of Edgar Allen Poe, Washington Irving, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Transcendentalists like Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson stressed the beauty of nature and man's identity as a natural being, themes echoed in the later work of poet Walt Whitman. At the end of war, there was a shift to Realism and later on to Naturalism. American Realists concentrated their writing on select groups or subjects. Important among them was Kate Chopin and her views on marriage and women's roles in the society. Married at the age of nineteen to Oscar Chopin and widowed at the age of thirty-one with six children and a failing cotton plantation business, Kate's life was difficult and dissatisfactory. The lack of a husband's influence led her to have an affair with a married farmer, an act that was considered outrageous at that time. Her emotions and needs are portrayed through Edna Pontellier in The Awakening. With her husband busy with his brokerage firm in Carondelet Street and not having anything to do, she falls for Robert Lebrun, an immature young man, who "since the age of fifteen, which was eleven years before, each summer at Grand Isle had constituted himself the devoted attendant of some fair dame or damsel. Sometimes it was a young girl, a gain a widow; but as often as not it was some interesting married woman." (Chapter 5). On the other hand is Adele Ratignolle, Edna's friend. She sympathizes with Edna, warns Robert not to play with her emotions, and has imaginative cramps and fainting spells and who altogether manifests the way women were expected to behave during those times. Kate Chopin's masterpiece

College Debate Essay Example for Free

College Debate Essay In Katherine Porter’s essay, â€Å"The Value Of a College Degree†, Katherine answers the question to whether continuing education beyond high school is worth it or not. Since college costs are increasing radically every year, many students and parents aren’t considering a two- or four-year college education a necessity. Her essay is reaches out to those parents and students who are in doubt, with the use of cited evidence and her many research studies, she is determined into convincing those who question attending college to pursue further education. Although the question of whether continuing education beyond high school is worth it or not remains unsettled by many, it should definitely be considered. First off, a valuable college education brings out the best in a person; it makes them stronger and builds an immense amount of confidence. Some may consider pursuing a college education as something that’s completely out of reach, but I might just have to say that you’re wrong. A college education not only builds strength and confidence, it also helps you grow. College students are situated in different types of situations, environments and or settings in which they encounter all kinds of people. To explain much further, as said in a source found in Google: â€Å"College education has a profound effect on a person and his or her life. It helps people choose their careers more wisely and the college experience makes people become more confident and can make better and well judged decisions. † (Google. com, Value of College Education) A College education develops growth in terms of adulthood and maturity, built from experience. Many high school students believe that doing well academically would be enough. That is only somewhat true; most colleges consider well-rounded students, like those who participate in extra curricular actives, activities such as being involved in sports, volunteering, and community work. Keeping an open mind when considering college selections is a very important factor when it comes to decision making. Parents and students should not allow money or locations limit their thinking when researching schools. By attending college fairs, and purchasing college guide books they’ll learn about colleges that ‘fit’, in an overall aspect. Scheduling interviews, preferably on-campus interviews, will allow students to demonstrate genuine interest and allows him or her the opportunity to make a valuable link. All in all, the key factor isn’t getting a college degree itself but the degree owner. A college education is now a necessity, and the average American couldn’t possibly make it through these times and those that are to come without one. â€Å"Get in(worry about the money later. †

statistics review :: essays research papers

In this article, the authors attempt to answer the research question of whether or not the link between an individual’s organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the score they receive on their performance evaluation is affected in any way by gender. OCB is described by the authors as actions that are performed by individuals that go above and beyond what is expected of them as per the requirements that are listed on their job description. For the purpose of this study, the authors looked at five identifying factors of OCB. These factors include altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue. By conducting this study, the authors hoped to find support for three hypotheses: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For both women and men, level of OCB ratings and performance ratings will be positively related. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although women will be rated as displaying more OCB than men, they will not receive higher performance ratings than men. (Sex Roles, 3) A total of 109 RA’s (resident advisors) from an East Coast University participated in this assessment, 55 women and 41 men. The authors state that RA’s were used for this test because of the increased opportunity they have as a whole to practice OCB. To set up the test that would be given to the current RAs, former RA’s were contacted via telephone. They were asked questions and given a pilot survey, which was reviewed and revised to become the final testing instrument. The survey contained 17 questions, which, after scoring, would create an OCB rating ranging from 17 (low OCB) to 85 (high OCB). The surveys were given to the RA’s during weekly meetings, with the individual RA’s rating the OCB level of their RA counterparts in the same residence hall that they worked in. The results of these surveys were added together and averaged for each RA and then compared against the score that the individuals received on the performance evaluations that were given to them by their supervisors. The authors concluded from these results that there is indeed a link between higher OCB ratings and higher performance evaluation scores, and they also stated that the performance ratings of male RA’s are quite similar to those earned by the female RA’s. The hypothesis that females would have higher OCB scores than males was reported as being correct, but the fact that the authors state â€Å"the conventional level of significance was not achieved† doesn’t make a very solid argument upon which to base their reasoning.

L’Oreal Case Study Essay

This report looks at how did L’Oreal, a multinational corporation, managed its already portfolio as well as its newly acquired local brand when entering on a new market: China. L’Oreal, a french company founded in 1907, decided at the end of 2003 to acquire two local chinese brands in order to enter the national market: Mininurse and Yu-sai. While this merging seems to be a  «win-win » deal, we will look at several issues L’Oreal was confronted with: how did the brand managed its newly acquired brand, as well as what were the opportunities of growth for the corporation. Recommendations will also be given on how would we have manage L’Oreal’s already existing very diversified portfolio in this new market. 2.Background to the Company Founded in 1907, L’Oreal is now managing a very diversified portfolio including cosmetics, skin and hair care products as well as high end fashion brands such as Ralph Lauren. This diversified portfolio reflects the brand’s strategy to be as important as possible on the market and occupy every segment, in order to avoid competition as much as possible, reinforce their reputation world widely and convey through their different brands’ images several cultures. For instance, Ralph Lauren will convey a very american  «preppy » sense of fashion, while Lancà ´me will convey a very  «glamorous parisian » image of cosmetics. Research&Development is a major investment for the company, as it enables the company to launch innovative product on different markets, as well as protecting its product from copying thought its patents. Furthermore, innovation aimed at high end product is diffused to consumer products, which enable the brand to lower the total cost of R&D. The brand has organised its portfolio using a pyramid, classifying ever of its brands at one stage depending on the targeted market. 3.Development To develop on the Chinese Market, L’Oreal acquired two local brands. China is potentially the largest market in the world, with increasing life standards, a growing interest for fashion and a new group of people forming a middle class willing to pay for cosmetic products. Chinese market can be divided into three main consumers groups, depending on criteria such as their location, their interest in cosmetics, their willingness to pay for foreign products†¦(see exhibit 1). This growing interest for fashion among China’s inhabitants, the very large number of potential customers as well as the increasing disposable income among chinese people constitute opportunities for l’Oreal to expend on the local market. GroupLocationCharacteristics High-Income Earners.†¨Aged young to middle-aged.Large/medium sized cities all around China.Willing to pay for high end luxury products imported from France, United States, Japan†¦. Medium income earners.†¨Middle aged to older women.Large/medium sized cities all around China.Preference for well established domestic brands. Migrant women labourers.†¨Mainly aged 18-30Large/medium sized cities all around China.Do have disposable incomes. Poor knowledge of cosmetics, their purchases are price-driven. Very large and yet untapped customer base. 4.Discussion How would you see L’Oreal manage the chinese brand without their chinese founders? This question leads to a key point of this case. Why did L’Oreal acquire those two brands?†¨The main argument people could answer is that L’Oreal wanted, according to their global strategy, to occupy the market as much as possible. However, could L’Oreal be really bothered by those two competitors?†¨Indeed, at one point, the Case states that the total revenues of domestic brands were less important than L’Oreal on his own. L’Oreal may have wanted this merging in order to use the already existing facilities of both brands for it’s own products. For instance Mininurse, with its extensive distribution channel made of 280 000 corners and points of sale all across China, represents a already established and widely spread distribution channel for L’Oreal to launch any of their products. Furthermore, the knowledge Yu-sai developed regarding Chinese’s use of cosmetic would help the brand to adapt each of its product to the chinese market, which is very different from the western market. Both brands have very high consumers recognition, with for instance Mininurse having a 90% recognition rate among chinese customers, this recognition rate being even higher among under twenty customers. This could help L’Oreal to gain customer recognition for their own brands quite easily. We can see this merging is not only about just acquiring new brands to saturate the market, but it is about using two well established brands to launch the company’s products, avoiding constraints such as establishing a distribution channel, use of marketing to increase brand recognition†¦. Therefore, what I think L’Oreal will do, is use Mininurse to launch their mass market product: Garnier using Mininurse’s high brand recognition and massive distribution network. The brand will use their knowledge and technology to improve Mininurse’s products at a low cost. Progressively, L’Oreal will probably change Mininurse into Garnier.†¨This would enable L’Oreal to use Mininurse’s high brand recognition and target consumers would are more likely to pay for local brands, such as the untapped  «labourer migrant women market ». (see exhibit 1 for an overview of the chinese market). How would you manage L’Oreal’s Portfolio in China with the newly acquired brands? I think using Mininurse’s distribution channel for it’s own products is a really good idea as it enables L’Orà ©al to skip a very long step companies usually to go through when entering a new market.†¨However, following L’Orà ©al’s global branding strategy, L’Orà ©al has got no interest in keeping Mininurse as the products are similar to Garnier’s products. In that way, I would indeed progressively substitute Mininurse with Garnier. Regarding Yue-sai, I think L’Orà ©al should keep it going regarding the good financial results of the brands during the past few years (11% of the country’s total market share) as well as the very particular brand’s identity. L’Orà ©al can use the knowledge Yue-sai Kan has been generating for the past twenty years as well as the research facility opened in Pudon and apply the knowledge to it’s products on the chinese market. I do think L’Oreal should reconsider their decision to exclude Yue-sai Kan from the company. L’Oreal could use her as a marketing figure, as she seems to be very important in the chinese cosmetic market regarding the fact that she is the person that popularised cosmetics thought her different books, TV shows†¦. As stated in the Case, Yue-Sai’s product were created only for chinese woman. Regarding the high number of chinese people all around the world, L’Oreal could start exporting this local brand using the brand’s very local chinese identity. This could reflect L’Oreal strategy to convey different cultures through its diversified portfolio. L’Orà ©al needs to keep in mind that Chinese market is very different from the Western’s market. The market is different by the consumer’s needs, with for instance chinese women using as much as 18 cosmetics products daily, as well as by the consumers products, with for instance beauty criteria being totally different than in western countries. How would you see L’Orà ©al continue to grow in China? I think L’Orà ©al in China should mainly focus on the domestic market, as it is the market with the more potential customers. A quick look at exhibit 1 shows us that a large part of the chinese market is yet untapped. This market, made of young labourers migrating to big cities, has got disposable income but is mainly price-driven and prefer local brands. L’Orà ©al could easily use Mininurse to target this market by offering them the local aspect of the brand, and as said previously progressively substitute Mininurse to Garnier to this market. Using Mininurse to launch Garnier would enable L’Orà ©al to use Mininurse’s high brand recognition among young people ( which is one of the characteristics of this market ), with a brand recognition rate of over 96%, and then take new market shares.

Gary Mckinnon Report

Professional Practice Ethical Case Study for Part 2 Gary McKinnon Introduction This report discusses about ethical issues that has been quoted from the Guardian â€Å"the biggest military computer hack of all time. † Gary McKinnon a Systems administrator from Glasgow; born 10 February 1966 who is suffering Asperger’s Syndrome and has been blamed upon of hacking into the United States Government computer systems. He presumably â€Å"states that he was merely looking for evidence of a UFO cover-up, the suppression of Free Energy, and other technologies potentially useful to the public. However the damages have resulted from this incident cost more than $800,000 of the Military and NASA’s computer security. This all first began in 1983 when Gary went to go to his local cinema to watch the movie WarGames, about a whiz kid who had hacked into the Pentagon, from an interview with Jon Ronson; The Guardian, Gary said that from this movie he did not mean it to actually c ome true, and had a thought in mind that he would work for the department of defence or NASA, on the other hand this is not the case for Gary’s case.Between the years 2001 and 2002 Gary McKinnon was arrested under the Computer Misuse Act in the UK just after the 9/11, and got bail by 2005. During that year the US government had started the â€Å"extradition proceedings,† Gary would face up to 70 years jail in the US, which would of exceeded to be sent to Guantanamo Bay, yet comparing the US punishment towards the UK it is considerably less. This case is still active, and McKinnon’s mother has prevented extradition from a long campaign.This report will look further in detail of what has been discussed above, as well as: * Gary’s Supporters/Appeal * Issues on his Disability * Damages on the US security These are the Ethical Issues which I think that should be discussed about Gary McKinnon’s case. Ethical Issues Surrounding Gary Mckinnon On August 200 8 Gary McKinnon’s Legal team settled on yet another appeal, this then lead onto finding out the fact that Gary McKinnon was diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome, but before the appeal Gary’s legal team made sure that the appeal would be granted first.Asperger’s Syndrome’s symptoms can come across â€Å"repetitive patterns of behaviour and interests,† and I think that this can clash against what has been mentioned before about the movie that Gary had seen when he was 17 about the whiz kid that hacked into the Pentagon. This may have affected Gary’s thoughts and even quoted from an interview â€Å"I didn’t mean it to actually come true. † From his interests and curiosity of UFO’s and other aspects, I do not think that anyone expected the result from all that has happened.Gary McKinnon was accused of hacking into 97 different NASA and the United States computers in the years 2001 and 2002, he had used the name ‘S olo’ and had additionally got accused of hacking into various networks that was used by US Army, Navy, Air Force, Department of defence and NASA. In the USA Gary McKinnon currently have up to 20 charges which include: * Obtaining USA Top Secret Documents * Intentionally damaging Computer protection software’s * Interfering with maritime navigation equipment * Stealing computer files * Deleting critical computer files * Deleting Navy Weapons logsThe list that is shown above is just a few out of the damage that Gary caused USA. With all this that has been accused upon Gary McKinnon, he denied of causing any damage arguing against his search of UFO information. However he did admit that he left a threat on one computer, this referred to how useless the USA computer security was especially after the 9/11 attacks, he will carry on disrupting at high levels. His statement represented his belief that the 9/11 attacks was an inside job. What Gary attempted to prove was that on ce you’re on the network called ‘NetStat’, this would list the connections to that system of the US army/NASA etc.And Gary was not alone; there had been hackers from Italy, Denmark, Turkey, Thailand and more doing the same as Gary. Hackers from all over the world were just simply going through files without any of the military realising. He had been doing this for more than 5 to 7 years just looking through files until the day that he got caught. Gary had been through many unfair trials such as McKinnon Vs United States 2008 which the defendant disputed â€Å"that the plea bargain constituted ‘unlawful pressure’ and had amounted to an abuse of process†.This case was then dismissed because the case was not proven enough to oppose extradition. On the other hand with another case in 2009 McKinnon Vs Secretary of State of Home Affairs it was discovered that Gary is suffering Asperger’s Syndrome and he claimed that it would clash against the European Convention on Human Rights. The Outcome There have been many supporters for Gary McKinnon, with websites, and even grown to be supported by the National Autistic Society and Liberty, this campaign that is been running by groups of people would hopefully end the extradition.There are groups online from Facebook, Twitter many web forums to show that the public believe that he should not be extradited. More with cross party politicians supporting and ‘high profile individuals’ such as Stephen Fry and Jonathan Ross. To get more people to support Gary, a petition had been arisen to support him to stop his extradition before it is too late. With the entire case in hand, the two countries have come across a huge disagreement, the US is simply wanting the extradition to take place so that Gary McKinnon can get up to 70 years in prison, with the UK trials 70 years is undoubtedly not close to that number.But without finding out that he has suffered Asperger’s Syn drome, for the people who have supported Gary McKinnon has said that he is â€Å"less blameworthy for his crimes†¦ does not necessarily mean that he can distinguish right from wrong. † There are still many questions for Gary and the future, Will Gary McKinnon’s Asperger’s Syndrome get worse and end up change his sentencing? Should people with mental disabilities be treated differently under our legal system? Conclusion For different people there are different opinions about Gary’s entire case, many people found him guilty as they seen him as deleting and intruding on mportant files from the US. Others had and still are supporting him to prevent him from getting extradition. What is the case with Gary McKinnon till this day? Currently Gary would have to face an extradition case during May 2010 just after the general election for the UK; this would mean that after the election this would leave a new government which could possibly lead into Gary McKinn on’s favour, in support of Gary; the opposition ‘Tories’ have tabled against UK-US extraditions.Also Gary’s mother ‘Janis Sharp’ has announced her candidacy to stand against ‘Jack Straw’ former Labour Home Secretary and current Minister in Blackburn (Lancashire) but confusingly Jack Straw is the least person to blame for the situation that Gary is in, he was the foreign secretary with the UK government who which negotiated with the US government that resulted in the Extradition Act 2003. Personal ReflectionWhen I first went through this case study, I was surprised and shocked in the situation that Gary McKinnon was in, I had never heard of this even though it was all over the international news and had a huge effect on the US government. With my initial thoughts I was against Gary McKinnon that he had hacked into the US and deleted important files and I immediately thought that he would be sent to prison. However I read on with th e case study that was given, researched on his situation and his court cases and then realised that this was a two way condition with arguments from two countries, whether he should have to face extradition or not.I had read on the Guardian with an interview with Gary from Jon Ronson and read along the lines that he did not mean to delete any files; it was just a matter of researching his quest of finding information on UFO’s. Then in the Wikipedia information it stated that he did admit on showing a threat referring that the US Governments security was not safe at all and many people had hacked in it many times from all over the world.With my thoughts I would support Gary McKinnon, there are many people from around the world that are hacking into the US Army, Navy, Air Force, Department of defence and NASA. With Gary’s case he had been through a lot, with the United States after him, suffering Asperger’s Syndrome and having to trial against the US for up to 7 y ears. I think that it could possibly end for him if the May 2010 British elections go the right way for Gary McKinnon.

The Moundbuilder Myth Debunked

The Moundbuilder Myth Debunked The Moundbuilder myth is a story believed, wholeheartedly, by Euroamericans in North America well into the last decades of the 19th and even into the 20th century. The central myth was that indigenous people who lived in what is today the United States were incapable of engineering of the thousands of prehistoric earthworks found by the newcomers and must have been built by some other race of people. That myth served as justification for the plan to exterminate Native Americans and take their property. It was debunked in the late 19th century. Key Takeaways: Moundbuilder Myth The Moundbuilder Myth was created in the mid-19th century to explain a disconnect within the thought processes of Euroamerican settlers.  The settlers appreciated the thousands of mounds on their new properties, but could not bear to credit mound construction to the Native American people they were displacing.  The myth credited the mounds to a fictional race of beings which had been driven out by the Native American residents.  The Moundbuilder Myth was disproven in the late 1880s.  Many thousands of earthen mounds were purposefully destroyed after the myth was dispelled. Early Explorations and the Mound Builders The earliest expeditions of Europeans into the Americas were by the Spanish who found living, vigorous and advanced civilizations- the Inca, the Aztecs, the Maya all had versions of state societies. The Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto even found the true mound builders, when he visited the chiefdoms of the Mississippians running their sophisticated communities from Florida to the Mississippi River between 1539–1546. Circa 1540, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto (c.1500–1542) and his men journey across America on one of their expeditions in search of treasure. Original Artwork: Painting by Frederic Remington. MPI / Stringer / Getty Images But the English who came to North America convinced themselves first that the people already inhabiting the land they were settling were literally descended from the Canaanites from Israel. As the European colonization moved westward, the newcomers continued to meet Native people some of whom were already devastated by diseases, and they began to find thousands of examples of massive earthworks- very tall mounds like Cahokias Monks Mound in Illinois, as well as mound groups, and mounds in various geometric shapes, spiral mounds, and bird and other animal effigies. The Great Serpent Mound in Adams County, Ohio, built and used by the Adena people between 800 BCE and 400 CE. This protected historical earthworks is nearly a quarter of a mile long and represents a giant snake holding an egg in its jaws. Photo by MPI/Getty Images A Myth is Born The earthworks encountered by the Europeans were a source of great fascination to the new settlers- but only after they convinced themselves that the mounds had to have been built by a superior race, and that couldnt be the Native Americans. Because the new Euroamerican settlers could not, or did not want to, believe that the mounds had been built by the Native American peoples they were displacing as fast as they could, some of them- including the scholarly community- began to formulate a theory of the lost race of mound builders. The moundbuilders were said to be a race of superior beings, perhaps one of the Lost Tribes of Israel, or ancestors of Mexicans, who were killed off by later people. Some amateur excavators of the mounds claimed that the skeletal remains in them were of very tall individuals, who certainly could not be Native Americans. Or so they thought. Restored Mississippian palisaded mound group at Aztalan State Park in Wisconsin, fancifully named for the ancient home town of the Aztecs. MattGush / iStock / Getty Images Plus It was never an official government policy that the engineering feats were made by someone other than the indigenous residents, but the theory did bolster arguments supporting the manifest destiny of European desires. Many of the earliest settlers of the midwest were at least initially proud of the earthworks on their properties and did much to preserve them. Debunking the Myth By the late 1870s, however, scholarly research led by Cyrus Thomas (1825–1910) of the Smithsonian Institution and Frederick Ward Putnam (1839–1915) of the Peabody Museum reported conclusive evidence that there was no physical difference between the people buried in the mounds and modern Native Americans. Subsequent DNA research has proven that time and again.  Scholars then and today recognized that the ancestors of modern Native Americans were responsible for all of the prehistoric mound constructions in North America. Unintended Consequences Members of the public were harder to convince, and if you read county histories into the 1950s, you will still see stories about the Lost Race of Moundbuilders. Scholars did their best to convince people that the Native Americans were the architects of the mounds, by giving lecture tours and publishing newspaper stories. That effort backfired. Unfortunately, once the myth of a Lost Race was dispelled, the settlers lost interest in the mounds, and many if not most of the thousands of mounds in the American midwest were destroyed as settlers simply plowed away the evidence that a civilized, intelligent and capable people had been driven from their rightful lands. Selected Sources Clark, Mallam. R. The Mound Builders:  An American Myth. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 23 (1976): 145–75. Print.Denevan, William M. The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82.3 (1992): 369–85. Print.Mann, Rob. Intruding on the Past: The Reuse of Ancient Earthen Mounds by Native Americans. Southeastern Archaeology 24.1 (2005): 1–10. Print.McGuire, Randall H. Archeology and the First Americans. American Anthropologist 94.4 (1992): 816–36. Print.Peet, Stephen D. Comparison of the Effigy Builders with the Modern Indians. American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal 17 (1895): 19–43. Print.Trigger, Bruce G. Archaeology and the Image of the American Indian. American Antiquity 45.4 (1980): 662–76. Print.Watkins, Joe. Indigenous Archaeology: American Indian Values and Scientific Practice. Lanham, MD: Alta Mira Press, 2000. Print.Wymer, Dee Anne. On the Edge of the Secular and the Sacred: Hopewell Mound-Builder Archaeology in Context. Antiquity 90.350 (2016): 532–34. Print.

Activation Energy (Ea) Chemistry Definition

Activation Energy (Ea) Chemistry Definition Activation energy is the  minimum amount of energy required to initiate a reaction. It is the height of the potential energy barrier between the potential energy minima of the reactants and products. Activation energy  is denoted by Ea and typically has units of kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). The term activation energy was introduced by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius in 1889. The Arrhenius equation relates activation energy to the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds: k Ae-Ea/(RT) where k is the reaction rate coefficient, A is the frequency factor for the reaction, e is the irrational number (approximately equal to 2.718), Ea is the activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature (Kelvin). From the Arrhenius equation, it can be seen that the rate of reaction changes according to temperature. Normally, this means a chemical reaction proceeds more quickly at a higher temperature. There are, however, a few cases of negative activation energy, where the rate of a reaction decreases with temperature. Why Is Activation Energy Needed? If you mix together two chemicals, only a small number of collisions will naturally occur between the reactant molecules to make products. This is particularly true if the molecules have low kinetic energy. So, before a significant fraction of reactants can be converted into products, the free energy of the system must be overcome. The activation energy gives the reaction that little extra push needed to get going. Even exothermic reactions require activation energy to get started. For example, a stack of wood wont start burning on its own. A lit match can provide the activation energy to start combustion. Once the chemical reaction starts, the heat released by the reaction provides the activation energy to convert more reactant into product. Sometimes a chemical reaction proceeds without adding any additional energy. In this case, the activation energy of the reaction is usually supplied by heat from the ambient temperature. Heat increases the motion of the reactant molecules, improving their odds of colliding with each other and increasing the force of the collisions. The combination makes it more likely bonds between reactant will break, allowing for the formation of products. Catalysts and Activation Energy A substance that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction is called a catalyst. Basically, a catalyst acts by modifying the transition state of a reaction. Catalysts are not consumed by the chemical reaction and they dont change the equilibrium constant of the reaction. Relationship Between Activation Energy and Gibbs Energy Activation energy is a term in the Arrhenius equation used to calculate the energy needed to overcome the transition state from reactants to products. The Eyring equation is another relation that describes the rate of reaction, except instead of using activation energy, it includes Gibbs energy of the transition state. The Gibbs energy of the transition state factors in both enthalpy and entropy of a reaction. Activation energy and Gibbs energy are related, but not interchangeable.

Marketing Communication Plan for Green and Black Organic Essay

Marketing Communication Plan for Green and Black Organic - Essay Example The intention of this study is Green and Black organic as basically a premium priced chocolate manufacturing company founded in 1991 in United Kingdom by a couple named: Craig Sams and Josephine Fairley. The name of the brand Green and Black Organic is very meaningful. The Green in the brand name represents the organic quality of the brand and Black represents the dark chocolate which is basically the specialty and core product of the brand. The brand expanded and added Maya Gold to its product range in the year 1994 when the two founders of the Green and Black Organic met up with some Mayan smallholder farmers who planted cocoa trees and agreed to buy at a fair price. These cocoa beans were used to create the traditional flavor of Mayan chocolate drink. Green and Black Organic earned the UK’s first Fair-trade mark as a result of Maya Gold. In the year 2005, Green and Black Organic was bought by Cadbury Plc. Kraft foods finally got hold of the company in the year 2010. The com petition of the Green and Black Organic includes; Toblerone, Lindt and Thorntons. Green and Black Organic has asked the A team agency to come up with a Marketing Communication Plan to help it to not only sustain its market share but also work to increase it. The marketing plan will aim to create increased awareness about the brand so that consumers do not mind paying the extra pound. The A team agency has been provided with a budget of 750,000 pounds to develop a marketing plan for Green and Black Organic.... This paper will focus on marketing communication strategies, objectives and finally the plan proposed for Green and Black organic chocolate that aims to convert dark into rainbow. This proposal is prepared to be presented before an agency by Green and Black organic for illustrating their communication strategies they are thinking to opt. Company’s Brief- Green and Black Organic Green and black organic is now owned by Cadbury, which has 30% of the total market share in London. The company was initially carrying out its operations individually, but later it came under the control of Cadbury. SWOT analysis: In order to assess the current and past performance of the company, SWOT analysis was carried out for the purpose of analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strength Following are the factors that made Green and Black organic a successful company in confectionary industry. Manufacturing chocolates from organic food. Dark chocolates prepared from 70% of coco a beans. Operating under the name of Cadbury. Regarded as first manufacturers of chocolate from organic substance. Employment of good marketing activities as compared to those conducted by small brands. Weaknesses Following are the weaknesses of Green and Black organic Most of the people do not prefer eating dark chocolates so this can result in reduction in sales volume. The size of the company is too small and so, it cannot extend its operation in areas outside the borders of London. As the name of the company does not specify anything related to chocolate, so people can misunderstand the name green and black organic. Opportunities Green and black can earn huge revenues if it focuses and avail following opportunities Manufacturing of chocolate butters and chocolate

Local Cycling strategy and promotion Assignment

Local Cycling strategy and promotion - Assignment Example Local Cycling strategy and promotion: The former strategy is focused on developing a transportation system that is balanced and safe for bicycles as well. This plan includes the strategies for next 30 years. The later strategy is focused on promoting and establishing the fact that bicycles are safe, popular and accepted transportation and recreational mode. Components of Perth Bicycle Network: The two main local transport networks that come under the jurisdiction of PBN are: 1) Local bicycle routes 2) Principal transport routes Local bicycle routes: This concept is focused on making every street reasonable and safe for bicycle which includes linking quite residential streets by making them safer, attractive and continuous for longer journeys too. The routes developed under the local strategy should have proper pavement markings which do not require the cyclists to hold a map along for navigational guidance. These routes require low cost for implementation and have higher usage. Principle transport routes: This route is dual and of high standard as it includes full separation with lighting in order to ensure safe journey for users. It offers comprehensive and high safety to cyclists as it provides complete separation from motor traffic due to high standard of designing. These routes are generally found in freeway reserves and suburban railway. Although under this strategy, the existing paths and roads network has been improved but there are still some deficiencies. These problems are due to lack of maintenance generally. The hindrance in this strategy and its implementation is due to the development of facilities that are unsuitable to the cycling network development. Following are the problems that require immediate action: 1) Traffic calming leads to the squeeze points 2) Lack of maintenance 3) Kerb ramps of unfriendly nature 4) Traffic signals with unresponsive sensors 5) Dangerous and rough drainage grates 6) hindrance in the use of dual paths 7) spills on the road 8) green routes unsafe due to changes 9) design problems of underpasses and bridges All these issues need consultations with local government and development of different projects would be required for countering these issues (Garrard and Rissel, 2006). Implementation of the network: This is the stage which is focused on developing the route continuity by su ccessive upgrading in the next two stages. Stage one will offer the continuous bicycle routes for allowing access throughout the network by ensuring safety. The second stage will provide increased safety and service level along with enhancing the network. The third and final stage will focus on developing ultimate network by considering and eliminating issues like grade-separation, generic issues, parking facilities, cycle lockers and expansion. Bike Ahead: Bicycle Strategy for the 21st Century (Western Australia) Cycling is increasingly becoming an essential transportation mode in Western Australia. Cycling no more is considered a recreational activity but an alternative for people who cannot drive or own a motor vehicle. The basic document, Metropolitan Transport Strategy (1995), focuses on the importance of alternatives to motor car. Bike Ahead on the other hand suggests several actions required to prove the importance of cycle by ensuring that people would have access to high li ver of services, goods and activities without sacrificing the environment. Perth Bikeplan of 1985 had