Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (Maven) Free Essays

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) The red planet Mars has long been a cultural and scientific fascination. People have pondered for decades over the biological potential of the planet and its past. Geological features on Mars resembling dry riverbeds, and the discovery of minerals that form in the presence of water, suggest that Mars once had a thicker atmosphere and was warm enough to allow liquid water to flow on the surface. We will write a custom essay sample on Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (Maven) or any similar topic only for you Order Now But phenomenally, the Mars that is seen today is radically different — barren, lifeless, and dry. Why? In hopes of uncovering the answers to these mysteries, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will launch its newest mission to Mars, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN). Set to launch in November 18, 2013, MAVEN has been given the task of exploring the Martian upper atmosphere, the planet’s ionosphere and its interactions with the sun and solar wind. NASA) It will be the first mission devoted to this understanding. According to NASA, MAVEN data will be used to determine how the loss of volatile compounds (such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and water) from Mars’s atmosphere to space has influenced the evolution of the planet’s atmosphere and climate. Clearly, the mission is expected to provide insights into liquid water and habitability on the red planet. The means by which the data harvested by MAVEN will a chieve its primary scientific objectives have been determined. Scientists plan to infer how the Martian atmosphere changed over the course of time by measuring the current rate of escape to space of atmospheric gases and understanding the ways by which they do. (Wikipedia) To extract information on Mars, the four hundred eighty-five million dollar MAVEN space probe has been equipped with the latest scientific instruments, processed into three different instrumental suite packages. (NASA Science) One of which includes the Particles and Field Package. This specific package will be largely responsible for measuring solar wind, ionospheric electrons and magnetic fields, and magnetosheath ion density and velocity. Another package included is the Remote Sensing Package, which contains an ultraviolet spectrometer that will be used to measure the global characteristics of Mars’s upper atmosphere and ionosphere. The final package, the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer Package, will have the work of assigning measurements to the composition and isotopes of neutral gases and ions found in the planet’s atmosphere. With these instruments, MAVEN will gather substantial atmospheric information from its orbit 3,870 miles above the planet’s surface. (Wikipedia) Currently, scientists believe that Mars may have lost most of its atmosphere due to a process known as â€Å"sputtering,† by which high-energy photons from the sun transform molecules into ions that are eventually carried out of the atmosphere and away from the planet by the magnetic fields generated by solar winds. NASA) The objective of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) is expected to provide evidence for the mentioned theory. While that may only be an expectation, one thing is for sure, in discovering the answers to the mysteries of Mars, we as humans will too certainly extend our senses as a whole in our quest to understand the secrets of our origins, and the destiny that lies ahead. How to cite Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (Maven), Essay examples

Comparative Essay on the Roles of Women in Religions free essay sample

Christian women and muslim women submitted to their husbands in both the bible and the quran, it states that men and women are equal in the eyes of God/Allah yet they also say men were the heads of the households and women are to obey their husbands. The bible says in ephesians 6:22-24 â€Å"wives, submit to your own husbands as to the lord, for the husband is head of the wife as also Christ is the head of the church. Now as the church submits to Christ, so wives should submit to their husbands in everything† Even the early day of christianity, Adam was superior to Eve because Eve was made from Adam. Christian women obeyed their husbands in the lord just as the muslim women did. With these examples Christianity and Islam were strong patriarchies. Christianity and Islam were patriarchies because in the era in which the religions emerged women were under men so the religions adapted to the cultures they were discovered in. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Essay on the Roles of Women in Religions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To further explain, most civilizations start out with a bunch of tribes having wars and the winners getting to be in charge of everyone. Since males are physically stronger than females, they win all the fights and therefore get to be in charge. The quran also says, â€Å"Men have authority over women because Allah has made the one superior to the other and because they spend their wealth to maintain them, Good women are obedient. They guard their unseen parts because Allah has guarded them. As for those from whom you fear disobedience, admonish them and send them to the beds apart and beat them. Then if they obey you, take no further action against them†. Muslim women were confined to their homes only being allowed to leave with permission from their male family members. They were lso not allowed to speak in public like christian women were. Also, muslim women could not do or say anything without their spouse’s permission and if they did not have a spouse, that role goes to her father or brother. Other signs of patriarchies were acts such as â€Å"honor killing† of women by their male relatives for violating sexual taboos. Christian women were more active in the church than muslim women, they held title s like prophetess, bishop and apostle. With those titles, they were allowed, public speech by preaching, teaching, leading prayer and sometimes, performing the eucharistic meal. Christian women also played significant roles in group worship. In the bible, women roles seem limited, but due to recent discoveries of ancient texts, we discover that women were one of Jesus first followers. Though they were not granted the title as one of jesus’s twelve disciples, women were very important to Jesus. Mary Magdalene being one of the most significant women in christian history. Mary Magdalene was a friend of Jesus and an apostles of the apostles. She and her sister Mary were the first to discover Jesus’ tomb empty and also two of the women to see him ascend into heaven. Mary magdalene was said to preach the word of God to many people, all of which addressed her as an apostle. It also says in the book of luke in the Bible â€Å"There was also a prophetess, Anna, a daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe Asher. She did not leave the temple complex serving God day and night with fastings and prayers. and to speak about him to all who were looking forward to the redemption of Jerusalem. † These women Anna, Martha and Mary Magdalene were important in the church of God proving that women had prominent roles in the church. Christian women had bigger roles in the church compared to muslim women. The reason being, women of the muslim faith were sometimes confined to practice their religion at home because the second caliph, Umar, asked women to pray homes. Women were asked to pray in their homes because some men saw women as a â€Å"sexually charged threat† things like these were spread through the hadiths - traditions about the sayings or action of mohammed and women being seen as a sexual threat meant they were excluded from the mosque which led them to have lesser roles. Yet a few women had roles in the mosque, such as mullahs, who were female teachers of the word of Allah. No women however, were ever considered prophets or a caliphs at these times. In conclusion, the roles of women of christianity and islam were similar in the aspect that they were both patriarchies but differed when in came to the roles in the church that being because christian women had a much larger impact in the church than muslim women did.

Kapferer Brand Identity Prism of Grain Waves free essay sample

Kapferer Brand Identity Prism of Grain Waves [pic] 1. Introduction2 2. Brand Identity Prism of Grain Waves2 2. 1 Physique3 2. 2 Personality5 2. 3 Culture6 2. 4 Relationship7 2. 5 Reflection8 2. 6 Self image8 3. Conclusion and Recommendation9 Reference List10 Appendices11 1. Introduction Before Grain Waves launched in 2008, there had never been a wholegrain chip in Australia, the market was saturated with more traditional potato or corn based snacks. Market research confirmed there was a clear opportunity to develop a wholegrain snack for the health conscious consumer. ( The Grain Waves dream comes true on TV, 2010 ) So The Smiths Snackfood Company which was the leading player in Australian sweet and savoury snacks industry , accounting for 38% value share (see appendix 1), seized the moment and developed Grain Waves – a new, wholegrain snack that not only tasted good but was also better for consumers. Brand Identity Prism of Grain Waves According to Kapferer (2008), a brand identity prism has six underlying facets, including physique, personality, culture, relationship, reflection, and self-image. We will write a custom essay sample on Kapferer Brand Identity Prism of Grain Waves or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These dimensions are classified into externalisation (physique, relationship, reflection) and internalisation (personality, culture, self-image). Figure 1 summarises the analysis of Grain Waves brand identity. [pic] Figure 1 : brand identity prism for Grain Waves 2. 1 Physique First of all, the Grain Waves defines itself as the irresistible whole grain chips. (Grain Waves, 2008) The definition has avoided the competition of a series of other whole grain snacks to a certain extent and kept the competitive advantage under the catalogues of chips. Secondly, according to Kapeferer(2008), the brand name is often revealing of the brands intentions. Grain Waves is obviously the case for brand names which are specifically chosen to convey their characteristics of the brand. With the word Grain refers to that it was made from corn, wheat and oats which 25% less fat than regular potato chips, (Grain Waves, 2008) and waves is the visual description of chips to indicate their product catalogue. Thirdly, visual appeal also play an important role when Grain Waves communicating value and distinguishing their brand from myriad of choices in the snack food market. Figure 23 illustrates the colors they used in their packaging, compare with other competitors, they make a more fresh and natural impression for consumers. Grain Waves Flavours | Colours used in packaging | |Original | C: 37 M: 1 Y: 3 K: 0 | |Sour cream chives | C: 26 M:3 Y :52 K: 0 | |Sweet Chilli | C: 15 M: 100 Y: 100 K: 5 | |Cheddar cheese | C: 1 M: 22 Y: 75 K: 0 | Figure 2: Colours used in Grain Waves different flavours [pic] [pic] Figure 3: Grain Waves and Lays 2. 2 Personality As Kapferef (2008) pointed out that, the easiest way of creating instant personality is to give the brand a spokesperson or a figurehead, whether real or symbolic. Grain Waves has created their image representative in their current commercial advertisement. (Figure 4) [pic] Figure 4: the character in Grain Waves commercial advertisement The creative idea was to dramatise the unexpectedness of a grain becoming a snack food, by telling the story of a young grain who dreamed that one day he had grow up to be a grain chip[1]. Its a story about sticking to your dreams, against tradition and the odds, until your dreams come true. ( The Grain Waves dream comes true on TV, 2010 ) Therefore, the brand personality which relevant to the young grain in the ads can be described as : fun, independent, persist, unique, self-confident and revolutionary/innovation-minded. The strong personality has brought benefit to Grain Waves. By the end of the initial launch phase, Grain Waves had achieved more than 8 per cent trial and enjoyed 25 per cent brand awareness. ( The Grain Waves dream comes true on TV, 2010) 2. 3 Culture There are two aspects should be taken into consideration. Firstly, Grain Waves is a kind of crunchy chips which are a predominant part of the snack food market in English-speaking countries and numerous other Western nations. (Michman Mazze, 1998) The Australias chips market generated total revenues of AU$605. 5 million in 2010 which dominate the snack food market. (see appendix 2) The snacking culture behind the consumption behaviour refers to the lifestyle, which is enjoyable of leisure time. People eat chips when they are holding party, watching TV or having a picnic. When choosing a snack, chips seem to be viewed as a deserved binge. (Michman Mazze, 1998) This has resulted in an expanding chips market. In addition, underlying consumer trends have continued to push the sweet and savoury snacks industry to invest in health-oriented lines. Ongoing growth in the incidence of obesity and overweight will threaten sales of sweet and savoury snacks during the forecast period. Euromonitor, 2010) There is likely to be ongoing negative publicity for the conventional potato chips industry, focusing on the high fat, calorie, flavouring and salt content. Therefore, the Grain Waves chips that stands for the healthier snack food should be deemed as a contemporary brand which keep pace with the times . 2. 4 Relationship The snack food industry is consumer-oriented and Grai n Waves shows a sensitivity to the needs of customers. On one hand, Grain Waves became the first in the chips industry to respond to the changing environment that emphasized consumer health concerns. The new formulation has 25% less fat than regular potato chips and one 18g serve of Grain Waves provides 1/3 of the daily suggested 48g daily target for whole grains as recommended. (Grain Waves, 2008) On the other hand, Grain Waves noticed that while consumers were interested in nutrition, taste is also an important concern. They took the big challenge and release four different flavours currently, in order to convert consumers’perceptions of whole grain snacks from â€Å"something bland† to â€Å"a tasty treat†. The Grain Waves dream comes true on TV, 2010 ) It is committed to helping customers select the product that is best suited to their needs through the provision of detailed product information supported by general advice on healthy eating and lifestyles. 2. 5 Reflection Grain Waves tend to build a reflection with customers that they start to make healthier food choices, but dont want to overly restrictive about what they eat. They have a tendency as the macrobiotic diet[2] seekers which to be better educated and health conscious, their lifestyle and personality characteristics reflect self-assurance. Michman Mazze, 1998) While in the same time, they have no intention of giving away the enjoyable of their leisure time. They are seeking a balance between health and indulgence. 2. 6 Self image In buying Grain Waves chips, consumers inwardly picture themselves as I have a good diet , I concern with the quality of my leisure life , I always trying new things and have unique taste and wise choice , I am more mature than others cause i am paying more attention to the importance of healthy diet and an active life . Conclusion and Recommendation Base on the analysis from the above research, the conclusion can be drawn as follows : †¢ Generally speaking, Grain Waves perform an excellent conformability in the brand identity, the six facets are all interrelated and form a well-structured entity. †¢ Both the brand name and the package have conveyed their characteristics and values. However, many consumers complained that the price is set too high, they have no intention of paying more to the added value. [3] †¢ Grain Waves have developed a strong personality which different with other competitors, whereas it is hard to associate the personality with the snack food industry. Snack food sells quickly, and therefore there is a frequent need for replenishment. (Michman Mazze, 1998) Avoiding supermarket stock-outs should be the next issue to maintain the relationship with consumers. Reference List Euromonitor. (2010). Consumer lifestyles – Australia. Retrieved March 24th 2011 from Global Market Information Data base. Euromonitor. (2010). Sweet and Savoury Snacks in Australia. Retrieved March 24th 2011 from Euromonitor International. Grain Waves (2008), Home page, Retrieved March 28th 2011 from http://www. grainwaves. com. au. Kapferer, J. N. (2008). The new strategic brand management (4th ed. ). Kogan Page. Michman,R. D. , Mazze, E. M. (1998). The food industry wars : marketing triumphs and blunders. London: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. The Grain Waves dream comes true on TV, (2010). Retrieved March 24th 2011 from http://www. thinktv. com. au/media/Case_Studies/Grain_Waves_Case_Study. pdf Appendices Appendix 1 Sweet and Savoury Snacks Company Shares in AU 2005-2009 % retail value rsp, |Company | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | |Smiths Snackfoods Co | 35. | 37. 2 | 38. 7 | 38. 0 | 37. 7 | |Snack Brands Australia | | | | 17. 1 | 16. 8 | |Sunbeam Foods Pty Ltd | 6. 1 | 6. 1 | 5. 9 | 5. 6 | 5. 5 | |Woolworths Ltd | 4. 4 | 4. 5 | 4. 6 | 4. 9 | 5. 2 | |Sakata Rice Snacks | 4. 6 | 4. 6 | 4. 6 | 4. 6 | 4. | |San Remo Macaroni Co | 2. 0 | 2. 0 | 2. 1 | 2. 1 | 2. 2 | |Procter Gamble | 1. 9 | 1. 8 | 1. 7 | 1. 7 | 1. 7 | |Select Harvest Ltd | 1. 0 | 1. 0 | 1. 0 | 0. 9 | 1. 1 | |Food Holdings Pty Ltd | | 0. 9 | 1. 0 | 0. 9 | 0. 9 | |Greens General Foods | 0. | 0. 8 | 0. 8 | 0. 8 | 0. 8 | |Nestle Australia Ltd | | 0. 8 | 0. 9 | 0. 8 | 0. 8 | |Link Snacks Inc | 0. 3 | 0. 4 | 0. 5 | 0. 6 | 0. 7 | |Sanitarium Health Food | 0. 8 | 0. 7 | 0. 7 | 0. 7 | 0. 7 | |The Fresh Food Industries | 0. 9 | 0. 8 | 0. 8 | 0. 8 | 0. | |AAB Holdings Pty Ltd | 0. 6 | 0. 6 | 0. 7 | 0. 6 | 0. 6 | |Superpop Pty Ltd | 0. 3 | 0. 3 | 0. 3 | 0. 3 | 0. 3 | |Amorenuts Australia Pty | 0. 2 | 0. 2 | 0. 3 | 0. 3 | 0. 2 | |Billabong Jerky | 0. 0 | 0. 1 | 0. 1 | 0. 1 | 0. 1 | |Arnott’s Snackfoods | 19. 6 | 18. 1 | 17. | | | |Manassen Foods Ltd | 0. 9 | | | | | |Uncle Tobys Co Pty | 0. 8 | | | | | |ThevChrystal Co | 0. 2 | 0. 2 | | | | |Macfarms of Hawaii Inc | 0. 2 | 0. 2 | | | | |Cadbury Schweppes | 0. 1 | 0. | | | | |Other Private Label | 7. 9 | 8. 0 | 8. 1 | 8. 6 | 8. 8 | |Others | 10. 8 | 10. 8 | 10. 2 | 10. 5 | 10. 6 | Sources: Euromonitor International, 2010 Appendix 2 Sales of Sweet and Savoury Snacks by C ategory in AU: Value 2005-2010 |AU$ million |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Chips/Crisps |468. |489. 1 |513. 5 |557. 2 |579. 4 |605. 5 | |Extruded Snacks |253. 7 |265. 9 |277. 8 |304. 2 |322. 5 |338. 6 | |Fruit Snacks |110. 3 |114. 7 |118. 1 |122. 2 |126. 8 |131. 8 | |Nuts |188. 9 |204. 9 |224. 4 |246. 9 |267. 8 |289. 7 | |Popcorn |38. |40. 7 |43. 5 |45. 7 |47. 4 |50. 3 | |Pretzels |39. 4 |40. 7 |42. 2 |40. 5 |39. 7 |39. 9 | |Tortilla/Corn Chips |91. 5 |93. 6 |96. 0 |106. 0 |111. 9 |116. 9 | |Other Sweet and Savoury |3. 9 |5. 9 |7. 6 |11. 0 |13. 2 |15. 0 | Sources: Euromonitor International, 2010 - [1] The full version of this advertisement can be found at : http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=AqI9gAbncpkfeature=player_embedded [2] A macrobiotic diet (or macrobiotics), from macro (large) and bios (life), is a dietary regimen which involves eating grains as a staple food supplemented with other foodstuffs such as vegetables and beans. [3] Grain Waves Facebook group , make grain waves cheaper or fill the packet http://www. facebook. com/pages/Make-Grain-Waves-Cheaper-or-Fill-the-Packet/126577742531

Free Essays on Group Dynamics

The Wu Tang clan is a nine-member hip-hop group that formed in 1992. Since 1992 the group has gone on to find success as a group and as solo artist. The Wu Tang Clan is easily one of the most influential hip-hop groups of all time. The group has taken aspects from every area such as kung fu to religion and blended them into a unique brand of music that is many times imitated but never duplicated. What makes the group able to blend such a wide variety of topics into its music is the diversity and ability of its members. The group consists of the Rza, Genius, Method Man, Inspectah Deck, U God, Old Dirty Bastard, Masta Killah, Reakwon and Ghost Face Killah. Each member brings their own style to the group, which in the end allows the group to have a wide variety that encompasses all areas that needs to be touch within a true musical performance. The group can cover many areas when doing a song unlike other groups that can only do one musical style. All the members of the group are innate , strong songwriters who spark and complement each other. What is a group? The definition of a group is two or more interdependent individuals who influence one another through social interaction. According to this definition the Wu Tang Clan would be considered a group. To say that the Wu Tang Clan is a group based on just that definition would be incomplete; the group demonstrates many other characteristics of a group. First off, the group shows a great deal of interaction. Interaction is when group members do things to and with other. To break it down even more interactions can be broken down into tasks or socioemotional. In task interaction the group must interact to accomplish a goal. The Wu Tang Clan demonstrates task interaction when the group comes together to make a group album. This would be considered a task interaction because the group is working together on one goal, which is to make an album. Socioemotional tasks are much more interpersonal.... Free Essays on Group Dynamics Free Essays on Group Dynamics The Wu Tang clan is a nine-member hip-hop group that formed in 1992. Since 1992 the group has gone on to find success as a group and as solo artist. The Wu Tang Clan is easily one of the most influential hip-hop groups of all time. The group has taken aspects from every area such as kung fu to religion and blended them into a unique brand of music that is many times imitated but never duplicated. What makes the group able to blend such a wide variety of topics into its music is the diversity and ability of its members. The group consists of the Rza, Genius, Method Man, Inspectah Deck, U God, Old Dirty Bastard, Masta Killah, Reakwon and Ghost Face Killah. Each member brings their own style to the group, which in the end allows the group to have a wide variety that encompasses all areas that needs to be touch within a true musical performance. The group can cover many areas when doing a song unlike other groups that can only do one musical style. All the members of the group are innate , strong songwriters who spark and complement each other. What is a group? The definition of a group is two or more interdependent individuals who influence one another through social interaction. According to this definition the Wu Tang Clan would be considered a group. To say that the Wu Tang Clan is a group based on just that definition would be incomplete; the group demonstrates many other characteristics of a group. First off, the group shows a great deal of interaction. Interaction is when group members do things to and with other. To break it down even more interactions can be broken down into tasks or socioemotional. In task interaction the group must interact to accomplish a goal. The Wu Tang Clan demonstrates task interaction when the group comes together to make a group album. This would be considered a task interaction because the group is working together on one goal, which is to make an album. Socioemotional tasks are much more interpersonal....

Trokosi As Modern-Day Slavery in Africa Research Paper

Trokosi As Modern-Day Slavery in Africa - Research Paper Example he definition of slavery under the supplementary convention since the families are bound to the conviction that they are subjected to suffering from a disease and deaths until they offer the virgin girl to please the gods. On the other hand, they decide to offer the virgins for acquiring luck and fortune. In fact, there are estimates of more than five thousand trokosi slaves in Ghana, and other twenty nine thousand and thirty five thousand slaves estimated to be in other countries. Therefore, trokosi is a practice that has become a component of traditional obsession associated with gods and spirits in sacrament things and shrines priests. In Ghana, trokosi practice is originated from Ewe ethnic groups since seventieth century in Togo and Benin, whereby trokosi was considered a ritual in 1600s. In fact, they offered used offer virgin girls the war gods in order to please them and in return, they would acquire victory. Therefore, the warriors visited the religious shrine in order to of fer these girls as sacrifices while the priests of trokosi shrines had a conviction that this would communicate to the gods. Modern Trokosi Practice Trokosi in the modern day is has taken a slight which is depicted through the of story a nine-year old girl named Abla Kotor, whereby she is forced to go to southern Ghana in concurrence due to a crime that was committed by her father (Aird, 2012). Abla was born as a result of a crime committed by her father is raping his niece; thus, Abla was bound to pay for her father’s crime. In this case, she is forced to be a savant to Ewe priest in a way of appeasing the gods. Therefore, her parents decide to offer her as a slave, and she is subjected to a lot of tribulation such as physical and sexual abuse. Nevertheless, she decides to humiliate... Trokosi" As Modern-Day Slavery in Africa However, the girls are mistreated, and there are restricted to interact with others, thereby providing sex and labor to the priest. On the other hand, they are denied to access education, ample food and health services. In fact, they live in a harsh condition in a way that defines the slavery under the constitution of Ghana and slavery convention. Nevertheless, the paper will focus on exploring the issues associated to Trokosi as a modern form of slavery in Africa, whereby various issues associated with this form of slavery will be explored. The paper will also discuss effort made through reforms in order to alleviate the problem faced by these girls. Therefore, the paper will begin by discussing Trokosi practice based on the data gathered from different literatures in order to offer a basis of understanding the issue. The paper proceeds by offering relevant background information on the issue in order to facilitate the understanding the issues in a reliable way. In the next section, the paper will focus on exploring the reforms and challenges faced in the process of alleviating the problem. Moreover, the paper will focus on exploring the practice of trokosi in the Ghanaian context since it is one of the African countries severely been affected by this problem. Another form of opposition to the process eliminating trokosi practice emanates from people with the perception of the process being an attack to against their religious beliefs.

The Impact of Cause-Related Marketing on Consumer Choices Research Paper

The Impact of Cause-Related Marketing on Consumer Choices - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the definition of Cause Related Marketing. A working definition of CRM is borrowed from Varadarajan Menon. In this regard, Varadarajan and Menon define CRM as the process of formulating and implementing marketing activities that are characterised by an offer from the firm to contribute a specific amount to a designated cause when customers engage in revenue providing exchanges that satisfy organizational and individual objectives. In this regard, CRM is a form of business orientated philanthropy geared toward â€Å"profit-motivated giving†. CRM is also characterized by symmetrical relations between business organizations/for-profit organizations and non-profit organization on the basis of shared advantages. To this end, the business organization seeks to obtain an increase in sales and the non-profit organization seeks to obtain an increase in funding. Thus CRM is both a â€Å"positioning† and â€Å"marketing tool† that intentionally connects a business or a brad to â€Å"a relevant cause or issue† for the benefit of the business and the social cause or its non-profit promoter. A business firms’ investment in CRM is based on the concept that consumers for the most part will choose a brand for both â€Å"expressive† and â€Å"practical reasons†. Therefore a business may choose CRM as a means of promoting attachment to brand by tapping into the social and environmental consciousness of consumers to their products. When businesses’ brands are already experiencing a high level of loyalty to their products and brands, CRM can be used as â€Å"brand extensions†.... 60). In this regard, CRM is a form of business orientated philanthropy geared toward â€Å"profit-motivated giving† (Varadarajan & Menon, 1988, p. 58). CRM is also characterized by symmetrical relations between business organizations/for-profit organizations and non-profit organization on the basis of shared advantages. To this end, the business organization seeks to obtain an increase in sales and the non-profit organization seeks to obtain an increase in funding (Kahle & Close, 2011). Thus CRM is both a â€Å"positioning† and â€Å"marketing tool† that intentionally connects a business or a brad to â€Å"a relevant cause or issue† for the benefit of the business and the social cause or its non-profit promoter (Pringle & Thompson, 1999, p. 3). A business firms’ investment in CRM is based on the concept that consumers for the most part will choose a brand for both â€Å"expressive† and â€Å"practical reasons†(Linton, 2005, p. 604). Th erefore a business may choose CRM as a means of promoting attachment to brand by tapping into the social and environmental consciousness of consumers to their products. When businesses’ brands are already experiencing a high level of loyalty to their products and brands, CRM can be used as â€Å"brand extensions† (David, 2000, p. 132). Ultimately, the marketing strategy employed in CRM is to engage the consumer’s emotions with the result that the consumer is left feeling that by purchasing a specific product, he or she is helping to further social goods (Strahilevitz, 1999). From the perspective of the business organization, there can be two specific benefits. First, in the long term, CRM can provide an advantage in that it may improve the business’s

Working For Children With Disabilities Social Work Essay

Working For Children With Disabilities Social Work Essay There has been a dramatic increase in the survival rate of children born with complex healthcare needs (Carpenter 2003). There are major concerns as a result (Blackburn, Spencer and Read 2010). According to the definition of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 7.3% (CI 6.9, 7.7) of children in the UK are stated as having a disability. Disability patterns differ between sexes, with a higher rate overall in boys than girls and possibly more difficulty with learning and remembering ability, communication, concentration and physical coordination in boys. Children with disabilities find themselves in dissimilar situations to those of non-disabled people. This situation for disabled children exists in particular circumstances such as in minority ethnic groups, black/mixed marriages and single-parent families. These children demand support from different professionals and agencies. It is vital for them to have effective multi-agency working. Currently, there is little evidence about the effect of multiagency working with disabled children and their families. (Sloper 1999) highlighted in her paper the unmet needs for families who have children with disabilities: counselling and support to have information and guidance about services; the condition of the child and how to deal with and help the child; equipment supply; financial support with housing and transportation, and having breaks from care like respite care as practical support. This paper will summarize the outcome of an evaluation of both multidisciplinary and multiagency working with disabled children and their families. Background to Multiagency Working and Multidisciplinary Working Multiagency working is eц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢entially about bringing together practitioner with a range of ц¢killц¢ to work acroц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ their traditional ц¢ervice boundarieц¢. Thiц¢ iц¢ currently regarded aц¢ crucial to the effective proviц¢ion of childrenц¢ ц¢erviceц¢. Aц¢ local authoritieц¢ re-organiц¢e to provide education, ц¢ocial care, and ц¢ometimeц¢ health proviц¢ion,( Cronin 2005) within a ц¢ingle childrenц¢ ц¢erviceц¢ department or childrenц¢ truц¢t, three modelц¢ for multiagency working are emerging: Multiagency panels or networkц¢ the team around the child practitionerц¢ remain employed by their home agencieц¢ but meet on a regular baц¢iц¢ to diц¢cuц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ children and young people with additional needц¢ who would benefit from multi-agency input. Multiagency teams made up of practitionerц¢ ц¢econded or recruited into the team, making it a more formal arrangement than a multi-agency panel. The team workц¢ with univerц¢al ц¢erviceц¢ to ц¢upport familieц¢ and ц¢choolц¢ aц¢ well aц¢ individual children and young people. Integrated ц¢erviceц¢ which bring together a range of proviц¢ion, uц¢ually under one roof, ц¢uch as in school or in an early years setting. Staff work in a co-ordinated way to addreц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ the needц¢ of children, young people and familieц¢ providing ц¢erviceц¢ ц¢uch aц¢ all-year-round, incluц¢ive education; care and perц¢onal development opportunitieц¢ for children and young people; and ц¢pecialiц¢t ц¢upport for children and families. The idea of profeц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ionalц¢ and agencieц¢ working together iц¢ not new. There are many proviц¢ionц¢ in the Children Act of 1989 which require different authoritieц¢ to co-operate and to conц¢ult with one another while multi-agency ц¢upport iц¢ a feature of the ц¢pecial educational needц¢ framework, ц¢et up following the Education Act of 1981, (Nelson 2002)particularly in relation to ц¢tatutory aц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢eц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ment and ц¢tatementing. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ince the Labour government came into power in 1997 a number of initiativeц¢ ц¢uch aц¢ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ure à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦tart and Connexionц¢ have been put in place to promote effective joined up multi-agency working to ц¢upport vulnerable children. However, the recommendationц¢ which followed the Laming inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbià © prompted a renewed determination to get ц¢erviceц¢ working together and in 2004 a new Children Act established a duty on agencieц¢ to co-operate with each other to protect and improve the liveц¢ of children. Thiц¢ haц¢ reц¢ulted in ц¢ome of the following developmentц¢: The introduction of major changeц¢ to the childrenц¢ workforce: a comprehenц¢ive curriculum for training all practitionerц¢ who work with children iц¢ currently being developed by government. While thiц¢ iц¢ not going to make all profeц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ionalц¢ knowledgeable about diц¢abilitieц¢ ц¢uch aц¢ autiц¢m, they ц¢hould have the baц¢ic ц¢killц¢ to recogniц¢e a poц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ible developmental delay, be able to ц¢upport parentц¢ emotionally and, (McCarton 2006)crucially, to know when to ц¢ignpoц¢t parentц¢ on for more expert advice. Working with children iц¢ a key component of the core curriculum which recogniц¢eц¢, for example, that ц¢ome children do not communicate verbally and that practitione rц¢ need to adapt their communication to the needц¢ and abilitieц¢ of the child or young perц¢on. New wayц¢ of ц¢haring information are being developed to avoid duplication, children ц¢lipping through the net and exceц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ive bureaucracy. The government haц¢ developed ContactPoint, a databaц¢e holding information on every child in England from birth to 18 yearц¢ of age, poц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ibly longer for children who are diц¢abled or looked after. With greater electronic recording of perц¢onal information reц¢ulting in wider acceц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ in ц¢ome caц¢eц¢, iц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ueц¢ of confidentiality are of concern to diц¢abled people. Croц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢-profeц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ional legal guidance ц¢etц¢ out how information ц¢haring ц¢hould happen and coverц¢ confidentiality in ц¢ome depth. The Common Aц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢eц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ment Framework (CAF) which aimц¢ to provide a more ц¢tandardiц¢ed and preventive approach to identifying need and making proviц¢ion and which operateц¢ acroц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ profeц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ional boundarieц¢ has been developed. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ome children may be identified aц¢ having a poц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ible disability, such aц¢ cerebral Palsy, via this route (Eicher 2003). Every local authority (except the beц¢t performing four ц¢tar authoritieц¢) haц¢ to have a Children and Young Peopleц¢ Plan (CYPP) focuц¢ed on better local integration of childrenц¢ ц¢erviceц¢ in locationц¢ ц¢uch aц¢ extended ц¢choolц¢ and childrenц¢ centreц¢. Familieц¢ with children o n the autiц¢m ц¢pectrum ц¢hould find it eaц¢ier to acceц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ц¢erviceц¢ aц¢ a reц¢ult and ц¢hould be conц¢ulted about ц¢erviceц¢ they would like to ц¢ee improved and developed. The CYPP coverц¢ all local authority ц¢erviceц¢ affecting children and young people including early yearц¢ and extended ц¢choolц¢ and out-of-ц¢chool child care, education, youth ц¢erviceц¢, childrenц¢ ц¢ocial ц¢erviceц¢. It alц¢o includeц¢ ц¢erviceц¢ provided by relevant youth juц¢tice agencieц¢ and health ц¢erviceц¢ for children and young people, including child and adoleц¢cent mental health. Models of multiagency working Three different models of joint working have been identified by Watson et al. 2002: multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary working. These categories are based on several experts working together effectively in a particular service context, linked with family requirements in a holistic approach (table 1). Multidisciplinary working means single agencies made up of individual professionals (Watson et al. 2002). For instance, a health visitor, a physical therapist, an occupational therapist, a speech and language therapist, and a hospital consultant may work together within a health agency. Professionals work separately to assess the child, and as a consequence they produce separate documents so they do not share their goals and aims, which makes it very difficult to assess the child as a whole. Their care is focused on the childs health care needs only without involving other needs such as educational, emotional and social needs. There is a low equivalent partnership approach with the family and low communication with other agencies; usually family members take on this role. The second model, interdisciplinary working, with different agencies and their professionals working together by assessing the child and his/her family needs separately and then meeting together to set goals according to their findings. This model is focused on the childs needs more than the familys needs. The third model is the more holistic approach and preferred by families, transdisciplinary working, where different agencies work together by sharing goals, knowledge, tasks and responsibilities. This model is focused on a primary provider, the key worker, who is responsible for delivery of an integrated programme for the child, and family care. Moreover, for the most important part is that families are treated equally. Both (Sloper 2004, and Carney 2009) agreed that the transdisciplinary working model in the area of multiagency key working is the only way of integrated working which has favourable outcomes for disabled children and their families. However, there is not so much evidence that could show what type of model is implemented in practice. Sloper et al. 2004 also cited in her paper Cameron (2000) and Atkinson (2002) regarding other models; most models focused on relationships between professionals and how multiagency working was organised. This may contribute to better communication but does not necessarily result in the family receiving a coordinated service. (Table 1 ,Watson et al. 2002) Method Electronic resources (MedLine, Cochrane Library, PsychInfo, PubMed, google Scholar) were used and the focus was on existing reviews, in particular qualitative studies and good quality reviews. Key words The research terms were multidisciplinary working and disabled children, multiagency working and disabled children, and multiagency and multidisciplinary and disabled children. PROPOSED METHOD OF CRITICAL APPRAISAL I have chosen two qualitative studies (Watson, Abbott and Townsley 2007) which help to explore the impact of multiagency/multidisciplinary working on disabled children and their families. CRITICAL APPRAISAL To critically examine the evidence provided by these papers, which are qualitative studies, it is appropriate to use the critical appraisal checklist provided by the critical appraisal programme, from the Public Health Resource Unit, Institute of Health Science, Oxford which was accessed from http://www.phru.nhs.uk . The 10 questions are adapted from Oxman AD, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Users guide to medical literature. VI. How to use an overview. JAMA 1994; 272 (17): 1367-1371. The reason for choosing this is because the two studies are qualitative studies. 1st study Authors Watson, D., D. Abbott R. Townsley Title Listen to me, too! Lessons from involving children with complex healthcare needs in research about multi-agency services. Publisher Child: Care, Health Development, (2007) 33, 90-5. 2nd study Authors Carter, B., J. Cummings L. Cooper Title An exploration of best practice in multi-agency working and the experiences of families of children with complex health needs. What works well and what needs to be done to improve practice for the future? Publisher Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 527-39. 2007) 10 questions of qualitative research CASP tool (Watson et al. 2007) (Carter et al.2007) Was there a clear statement of the aims of the research? Yes, there was a clear statement of the aims to discover the positive impact of multiagency working on families with children who have complex health care needs. to examine the involvement of complex health care needs children in multiagency services. Yes, there was a clear statement of the aims to create a connection between children, families and people who work with complex needs children. To discover best multiagency working practice with families and people who work with complex needs children, to find out what is good practice. Generate opportunities, associations and guidance plans which will improve multiagency working practice in the future. Is a qualitative methodology appropriate? Yes, there was appropriate methodology: disabled children who are dependent on medical technology and their carer or families. Yes, there was appropriate methodology: 20 Families were targeted (mothers fathers children with complex needs). People working with complex needs children from different agencies. Was the research design appropriate to address the aims of the research? Time spent with 18 children young people aged between 2 -15 yrs, 7 girls and 11 boys (from 6 multiagency services in the UK). Interviews with 115 professionals in the 6 multiagency services about their experience in multiagency services. 25 families visited with parents/carers interviewed about their experience with multiagency services. Appreciative interviews with participants lasted between (40 minutes 3 hours): Individual Face to face Audio- taped Narrative interviews Small group workshops (dreaming design). All participants were invited. Workshops of consent (design and destiny). All participants were invited to attend 5 consensus workshops across 2 counties. Final synthesis. Was the recruitment strategy appropriate to the aims of the research? The authors targeted: 6 services chosen from 26 which presented the highest components of multiagency working. 18 children young people aged between 2 -15 yrs, 7 girls and 11 boys with a range of cognitive abilities, from severe to no learning difficulties. The majority had cognitive impairment. 3 children without obvious learning difficulties. The explanation of chosen participants is explained above#. 18 parents/carers agreed to take part. 2 young people were recruited, one male and one female to help the authors with their meetings and email communication. The authors: Targeted 20 families: 10 families from Burnley / East Lancashire, and 10 from the South Lakes area, to reflect two different health economies within the area served by Cumbria and Lancashire Workforce Development Confederation (WDC), UK. Recruited people working with complex needs children from different agencies as much as possible. Used purposive sampling (families), and sampling of snowballing (professionals). All the targeted population completed the interviews. Also agencies and disciplines were targeted. Were the data collected in a way that addressed the research issue? Time spent / interviews / disposable camera for the purpose of taking photos of all the important people. Informal, adapted, enjoyable and relaxed sessions to meet the needs of each child, lasting for an hour. Small gifts + a 10 pound voucher for taking part. Developed topic guide which covered: Things I like, things I dislike, who lives at home with me, school, friends, adults who helped me, short breaks, difficult things to do, and happiness moments. Drawing on big paper (the child interviewer sometimes). Showing a sheet of simple faces showing different expressions, to choose which one is closest to the child or young person. Asking about seeing professionals, also about having a designated worker, referring to key worker by name depending on the childs cognitive ability. Attride-Stirlings approach to data collection is to codewhat is said in the interviews.( this was used instead of Appreciative Inquiry) Each interview was coded line by line, and codes were assigned to words, phrases and any interesting views relevant to the research aims noted. The researchers used this information to create the 56 statements on a flip charts. they then showed back to the people theyd interviewed.   These people then chose statements which were relevant and meaningful to them, in relation to the research. Small group workshops (dreaming design) All participants were invited. Workshops of consent (design and destiny) All participants were invited to attend 5 agreement workshops across 2 counties. Has the relationship between researcher and participants been adequately considered? Yes it has. A lot of care is taken to create a more equal relationship between the researcher and the complex care needs children and their families. Design method is flexible, non intrusive and responsive to childrens communication styles. The construction of this relationship and the methodology have ethical implications which are discussed below. Yes it has. Flexible and dynamic approach by involving and shared between the participant and researcher. Have ethical issues been taken into consideration? Yes, ethical issues have been taken into consideration. There were plenty of details about how researchers contacted the participants by obtaining consent from young people and some ethical dilemmas were presented. The project was approved by two ethics committees: The Faculty of Health ethics committee. Morecambe Bay Local Research ethics committee (LREC). All the LRECs were covered by Locality Agreements in Cumbria and Lancashire. For the duration of the study, all research team had Honorary Contracts with Morecambe Bay Primary Care Trust (PCT). Comprehensive information was received by the participants and they had opportunities to discuss their involvement. At no time was there any pressure to participate. 24 hours were given as a minimum to make participation decision in the project to participants. Was the data analysis sufficiently rigorous? Yes it was. There was no comprehensive discussion about the method used for data analysis. The authors created data sets using four broad categories and they provided descriptive tables on childrens age, education, use of health technology and communication style. Yes it was. (figure 1) showed how rigorous the data analysis was:, thematic analysis using Attride-Stirlings approach of basic themes grouped into organizing themes and then global themes. Is there a clear statement of findings? Yes, there was a clear statement of findings, there was a discussion of the evidence, but no discussion about the credibility of their findings. Findings were discussed in relation to the childrens communication in multi agency services. Yes there was a clear statement of findings. Their findings were explicit. There was a discussion of the evidence. There was a credibility discussion about their findings. The authors discussed findings in relation to the original research question. 10-How valuable is the research? Yes, the study does make a contribution to understanding the consultation of children with complex care needs used in multiagency services. The authors didnt discuss new areas of research. There was a considerable contribution on involving disabled children in service delivery and research but there is still a gap about involving complex care needs children. The project was valuable because it provided families with a better understanding of how practice should be, and provided opportunities for a mutual relationship between professionals through the exchange of information. The research identified new areas where research is necessary in the future. There was a greater impact on practice by this study and it lead to a better quality of life for both children and their families. Limitations of (Watson et al. 2007) The major limitation in this study is that there was not comprehensive discussion about methods used for data analysis. Moreover, the authors created data sets using four broad categories: friendship and communication, relationships with professionals, school life, and the things that children like and dislike. With such a small sample size, 18 children and adolescents with complex health care needs, between 2-15 years old, it is very difficult to address the effect on the result of bias. Limitations of (Carter et al. 2007) There are some limitations in this qualitative research. The first one is in methods; the authors tried to carry out Appreciative Inquiry but then used Attride-Stirlings approach. Moreover, methods were combined into three stages as another shift in method. Each agency / discipline was not fully represented. There was an absence of involvement of general practitioners. There was a limitation in the appreciative interviews because of they were interviews at a particular point in time. Furthermore, one child was included in the study due to other children being too young to participate or having severe disabilities. Last but not least, the study failed to recruit ethnic minority group parents and children. Discussion The main focus of these two papers was to find out the impact of multidisciplinary or multiagency working on disabled children and their families. Regarding the two studies findings in relation to multiagency working (Watson et al.2007) authors reported that seeing many professionals did not cause any difficulties for the majority of children in the study. However, difficulties did appear when professionals attempted to talk to the child directly. Communication between the key worker and the child was reported as weak or limited. One child expressed their feeling of seeing many professional as a silly and boring thing to do, while another child showed a close relationship with their key worker by recognising their name. In general, this study did attempt the challenge of involving children with complex health care needs, but it is not a reliable study because it used a small sample number of children. As regards the findings of the second paper (Carter et al.2007), they chose two areas from the guidance plans, the 10 statements, as they felt that they reflected the two core areas of guidance which were: the most important As a consequence, authors stated the importance of making children and parents more satisfied and less isolated, and the crucial role of support and voluntary groups. Moreover, families and people from different agencies have to be cooperative when choosing the important role of coordinator for the long term, as this is where parents will seek help. Figure 1 Evidence from disabled children with their families in multiagency and multidisciplinary working Atkinson, Wilkin, Stott, Doherty and Kindel (2002) as cited by (Carney 2009) stated that multiagency working benefits organisations and individuals; it gives a broader perspective by providing enhanced understanding of the matters and improved connections with other agencies, and constructive experience on the whole, respectively. Moving towards better outcomes over the past decade, government has adopted integration of services for children and their families. Integration has taken various appearances such as, putting different types of proficiency together. There are some positive outcomes that have been identified in the review of multidisciplinary team working as a model of multiagency working in health care. (Borrill et al.) came to the conclusion that there was a reduction in hospitalization and cost in terms of primary health care teams; development in the provision of services; growth in health care access; treatment, follow-up and detection are improved, and patient and staff satisfaction and motivation are enhanced Few studies have focused on the impact of multiagency working and multidisciplinary approaches with disabled children and their families (Carter et al. 2007, Townsley, Abbott and Watson 2004, Watson et al. 2002, Watson et al. 2007). The majority of these studies carried out qualitative research methods to find out the key features of successful multiagency working practice and how to make children and parents more satisfied and not isolated, improved and enhanced their quality of life, and the crucial role of support and voluntary groups. Many studies have focused on the positive impact of key worker systems in multiagency services for disabled children and their families (Greco and Sloper 2003, Greco et al. 2005, Greco et al. 2006, Liabo et al. 2001, Sloper et al. 2006). These studies have included comparisons between families with and without key workers. This model stated positive outcomes for families having key workers like enhanced quality of life, less isolation and feelings of strain, better relationships with services, and quicker access to services and reduced levels of stress. (Greco et al. 2005) authors have stated many advantages of having a key worker service in multiagency working for parents and children, as they can relate their concerns to one person who can then ensure the familys needs are met and coordinate services. Having a key worker avoids duplication of telling the same story to professionals, and families received better information. Also, having a key worker enhanced the relationship betwee n the child and their family by providing them with a mediating role and through building relationships with disabled children. Key working is a service, involving two or more agencies, that provides disabled children and young people and their families with a system whereby services from different agencies are co-ordinated. It encompasses individual tailoring of services based on assessment of need, inter-agency collaboration at strategic and practice levels and a named key worker for the child and family (Care Coordination Network UK, 2004). Also there was a range of studies which have mainly focused on staff views (Tait and Dejnega 2001, Presler 1998, Abbott, Townsley and Watson 2005). These studies illustrate the positive impact on staff when they use multiagency working for disabled children. For instance, there was enhanced communication and improved relationships with complex health-care need children, development in their work lives and their professional skills, enhanced teamwork with collaborators and more satisfaction in their role. Two studies have discussed two services; (Young et al. 2008, Robson and Beattie 2004). The former talked about an Early Support programme to improve integrated services for disabled children and their families between 0 and 3 years old. The aim of this study was to improve and enhance outcomes for disabled children and their families, and to find out the relationship between integrated services and the impact of ES in terms of cost effectiveness and their benefits. The other study (Robson and Beattie 2004) is a coordination project by Diana Childrens Community Service and multiagency services using qualitative methods e.g. interviews, questioner , focus group to name but a few. The results were effective collaboration within and between the services for disabled children and their families by enhanced and improved family support and satisfaction; a sense of control and a feeling of empowerment; equivalent partnerships between families and professionals, with duplication and service gaps reduced. Sloper 2004 identified many negative outcomes of multiagency or multidisciplinary working on disabled children and their families when there are barriers to facilitating the integrating of services such as: when there are unclear roles and responsibilities; aims and roles are not shared among agencies; there is disagreement on aims; there is low quality of management including ongoing training, weak leadership and communication, and sharing of information; poor IT systems, and poor relationships with professionals. Conclusion Many studies have focused on the advantages of facilitating multiagency working generally as the most holistic approach for disabled children and their families and on multidisciplinary working specifically in terms of team working. However, there was a lack of studies which concentrated on the drawbacks of the two working models. This results in a need to address more focus on the negatives for future studies for both multidisciplinary and multiagency working with disabled children and their families. In my opinion, from my prospective experience in the disabled children association in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia, I have identified what type of model my organization followed: multidisciplinary working alone which recognises that all professionals are working separately. My recommendation is to implement the holistic approach or transdisciplinary working which focuses on integrating services and adopting the key worker system to gain positive outcomes for the services in DCA.